Though Anglo writers may have romanticised albatrosses, Japanese attitudes toward the birds were brusquely unsentimental. Indeed, the Japanese name for Steller’s albatross translates simply as ‘stupid bird’, and by the eve of World War II Japanese bird-hunters had pushed the species to the brink of extinction. But in the post-war period Japanese attitudes toward albatrosses changed utterly. The birds became the object of a sustained conservation campaign: in 1958 their nesting grounds on Torishima were designated a ‘natural monument’ of the nation, and Japanese ornithogists successfully lobbied to have the species added to the IUCN’s embryonic biodiversity database.

Conservationists have generally framed this sea-change in atitudes toward albatrosses as part of a trajectory of national moral renewal. But this framing omits the class politics that often characterise wildlife conservation in practice, as well as the post-colonial context distinctive to post-war Japan. Bird conservation provided a way for Japan’s overwhelmingly aristocratic ornithologists to carve out a new public role for themselves in post-war society. They did so by consciously fashioning the fall and rise of Torishima’s albatrosses as an allegory for mid-twentieth-century international relations, exploiting ambient anxiety about Japan’s compromised sovereignty following defeat in World War II.

In 2013 China Central Television aired a news bulletin with a provocative headline: ‘Japan is snatching our islands using the pretext of environmental protection!’ This fiery denunciation was a reaction to the announcement by the Yamashina Institute that a new variant of Steller’s albatross had been discovered nesting on the disputed Senkaku (Ch: Diaoyu) Islands. Might this accusation by Chinese state media might have a kernel of truth to it? This chapter begins by exploring the politics of heritage preservation in Okinawa under US occupation, before showing how nature conservation on the Senkaku became tangled up in the sovereignty dispute over the islands in the 1960s. Shortly before Okinawan reversion to Japan, the naturalist Takara Tetsuo helped stoke a nationwide panic about Taiwanese fishermen ‘poaching’ seabird eggs on the Senkakus. Later, in the early 2010s, Japanese nationalists led by Tokyo Mayor Ishihara Shintarō used nature conservation as a pretext to lobby the central government to take harder line on the dispute.