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6 results

  • Recognizing two dialects in one written form: A Stroop study

  • Junru Wu, Vincent J. van Heuven, Niels O. Schiller, Yiya Chen
  • Journal:
    Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 March 2024, pp. 1-17
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  • This study aims to examine the influence of dialectal experience on logographic visual word recognition. Two groups of Chinese monolectals and three groups of Chinese bi-dialectals performed Stroop color-naming in Standard Chinese (SC), and two of the bi-dialectal groups also in their regional dialects. The participant groups differed in dialectal experiences. The ink-character relation was manipulated in semantics, segments, and tones separately, as congruent, competing, or different, yielding ten Stroop conditions for comparison. All the groups showed Stroop interference for the conditions of segmental competition, as well as evidence for semantic activation by the characters. Bi-dialectal experience, even receptive, could benefit conflict resolution in the Stroop task. Chinese characters can automatically activate words in both dialects. Comparing naming in Standard Chinese and naming in the bi-dialectals’ regional dialects, still, a regional-dialect disadvantage suggests that the activation is biased with literacy and lexico-specific inter-dialectal relations.

  • 11 - Language and Literacy

  • Heather Bortfeld, University of California, Merced, Silvia A. Bunge, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    Fundamentals of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    Published online:
    11 January 2024
    Print publication:
    01 February 2024, pp 349-378

  • Summary

    In this chapter, we explore how our brains help us read and understand written words. Imagine when you started school – you could talk, recognize some letters, and start to hear the sounds in words. These skills lay the groundwork for learning to read. Good language skills make it easier to learn to read. But heres the twist: our brains werent originally built for reading. Weve only been reading for a few thousand years, while weve been using spoken language for tens of thousands of years. So, our brains adapted to this new skill of reading. We also discuss a special part of the brain called the visual word form area that helps us recognize words. We explore how reading changes our brains and why its crucial to have both good language skills and a writing system around to help us become readers. Dyslexia, a reading difficulty, is also discussed. In simple terms, well uncover how our brains enable us to read by adapting to new cultural practices, like writing, and how they use our visual system to make reading possible.

  • Four - Inscribe and De-scribe/Cipher and De-cipher

  • from Part I - Hidden Writing
  • Edited by John Bodel, Brown University, Rhode Island, Stephen Houston, Brown University, Rhode Island
  • Book:
    The Hidden Language of Graphic Signs
    Published online:
    23 August 2021
    Print publication:
    19 August 2021, pp 80-99

  • Summary

    Over a span of a millennium or more, Maya scribes and sculptors in the Maya lowlands used a writing system notable for its formal complexity and close links to imagery. At times, in so-called full-figure writing, glyphic elaboration erupts into a welter of massed bodies, imparting a misleading impression of narrative pictures. Wit and fun seem to abound, along with hints of an exuberant, scribal personality behind certain inscriptions. The stress on physicality ‒ things with interiors, exteriors, and defining edges in between ‒ is thoroughgoing. Efficiencies of graphic presentation lead logically to a design choice, whether to show a full thing-in-the-world, or to abbreviate that display by exhibiting a recognizable feature. As a deliberate category error ‒ is it picture, is it text? ‒ full-figure signs heighten the pleasure of being puzzled. They build in part on the cognitive frissons of the Stroop Effect, in which one set of information collides with another. The pictorial interaction of such signs ranges along one of two extremes: sociable contact that is decorous, restrained, respectful, and an indecorous, emotive striving that might lead to uncertain outcomes. In the most extreme cases, Maya writing oscillates between controllability and a bare containment of feral will in the glyphs.

  • On gender and stroop effect. The REM-ACT study: Acceptance and commitment therapy versus a mindfulness-based emotional regulation intervention in anxiety disorders. A randomized controlled trial

  • T. Castellanos-Villaverde, E. Fernández-Jiménez, E. Vidal-Bermejo, I. Torrea-Araiz, G. Navarro-Oliver, A. Hospital-Moreno
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 64 / Issue S1 / April 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 August 2021, p. S787
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  • Introduction

    Results about the effects of mindfulness training on the executive function of inhibition are mixed. Research about interventions in anxiety disorders is needed to exam the differential efficacy among men and women, and the factors involved in those potential gender differences.

    Objectives

    To compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) versus a Mindfulness-based Emotional Regulation (MER) intervention on inhibitory control according to gender.

    Methods

    This study was carried out in a Mental Health Unit in Spain (Colmenar Viejo, Madrid). Firstly, 80 adult patients with anxiety disorders were randomized according to the score on the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (blocking factor), of whom, 64 patients decided to participate (mean age = 40.66, S.D. = 11.43; 40 females). Each intervention was weekly, during 8 weeks, guided by two Clinical Psychology residents. A 2x2x2 mixed ANOVA (pre-post change x intervention type x gender) was conducted, with Sidak-correction post-hoc tests. The dependent variable was the Interference score of the Stroop test.

    Results

    Normality and homoscedasticity assumptions were met. No statistically significant differences were observed on age or gender between interventions. A statistically significant interaction effect was observed between pre-post change x intervention x gender on Interference [F(1, 52) = 5.004, p = .030; statistical power observed = 59.3%]. Improvement in interference was larger for women after ACT (p = .000) and for men after MER (p = .002).

    Conclusions

    These preliminary results show improvements in inhibition after the two interventions examined. However, each treatment maximizes improvement in different ways according to gender. Further research is required.

    Disclosure

    No significant relationships.

  • Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: Information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning?

  • J.A.B. MACNIVEN, C. DAVIS, M.-Y. HO, C.M. BRADSHAW, E. SZABADI, C.S. CONSTANTINESCU
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 14 / Issue 5 / September 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 September 2008, pp. 805-814
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  • Cognitive impairments in information processing speed, attention and executive functioning are widely reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have identified impaired performance on the Stroop test in people with MS, yet uncertainty remains over the cause of this phenomenon. In this study, 25 patients with MS were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery including a computerized Stroop test and a computerized test of information processing speed, the Graded Conditional Discrimination Tasks (GCDT). The patient group was compared with an individually age, sex and estimated premorbid IQ-matched healthy control group. The patients' reaction times (RTs) were significantly longer than those of the controls on all Stroop test trials and there was a significantly enhanced absolute (RTincongruent-RTneutral) and relative (100·[RTincongruent-RTneutral]/RTneutral) Stroop interference effect for the MS group. The linear function relating RT to stimulus complexity in the GCDT was significantly steeper in the patient group, indicating slowed information processing. The results are discussed with reference to the difference engine model, a theory of diversity in speeded cognition. It is concluded that, in the assessment of people with MS, great caution must be used in the interpretation of performance on neuropsychological tests which rely on RT as the primary measure. (JINS, 2008, 14, 805–814.)

  • Chapter 31 - Quantum approaches to consciousness

  • from Part III - Quantum approaches to consciousness
  • Edited by Philip David Zelazo, University of Toronto, Morris Moscovitch, University of Toronto, Evan Thompson, University of York
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    14 May 2007, pp -

  • Summary

    Hypnosis is a process in which one person responds to the suggestions given by another for imaginative experiences involving alterations in perception, memory, and the voluntary control of action. This chapter reviews a number of phenomena, including posthypnotic amnesia; hypnotic analgesia; hypnotic deafness, blindness, and agnosia; and emotional numbing, with an eye toward uncovering dissociations between explicit and implicit memory, perception, and emotion. In addition to total or tubular blindness, hypnotic subjects can also be given suggestions for color blindness. Hypnotic suggestions of a different sort may indeed abolish Stroop interference. There is much about hypnosis that appears to be automatic. The controversy over the very nature of hypnosis has often led the investigators to seek evidence of neural and other biological changes to demonstrate that hypnosis is real or, alternatively, to debunk the phenomenon as illusion and fakery.