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2 results

  • 12 - LIFE SCIENCES, ALCHEMY AND MEDICINE

    • By S. H. Nasr, University of Tehrān; Chancellor, Aryamehr University
  • Edited by R. N. Frye
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Iran
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    26 June 1975, pp 396-418

  • Summary

    Islamic science came into being in the 2nd/8th century as a result of the vast effort of translation which made the scientific and philosophical traditions of antiquity available in Arabic. This interest in science during the late Sāsānian period is reported in Arabic sources to have been associated more with the Syriac language than with Pahlavī. The transition from the Sāsānian to the Islamic era in the sciences is marked by the period of translation from Graeco-Syriac, Pahlavī and Sanskrit sources into Arabic. From the Islamic point of view the whole universe is alive and the life sciences really deal with all things. Among the Muslim philosophers who developed the theory of the faculties of the vegetable and animal souls, many of the most important were Persian. Most of the study of plants was connected with their properties and application to different fields, especially medicine.

  • 7 - THE OLD TESTAMENT TEXT

  • from III - THE OLD TESTAMENT
  • Edited by P. R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the Bible
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    01 April 1970, pp 159-199

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the first stages in the history of the transmission of the Old Testament text over a period of approximately 500 years, starting with 300 BC. The Old Testament books were translated into other Semitic languages, Aramaic and Syriac and also into non-Semitic languages, Greek, and subsequently Latin. The demand for a translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Aramaic probably arose during the Babylonian Exile or immediately after the return of the exiles to Palestine in the Persian period. Aramaic being the lingua franca of the time, it was adopted by many Jews in their intercourse with the non-Jewish world. The biblical manuscripts from Qumran have added a new dimension to the criticism of the biblical text and to the study of its history, both in the original Hebrew and in the earliest ancient versions, especially in Greek.