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The {graph} of a polytope is formed by the vertices and edges of the polytope.We often see this graph as an abstract graph and apply methodology from graph theory. A {polytopal graph} is simply a graph of a polytope. Appendix C reviews the relevant graph-theoretical prerequisites. Graphs of 3-polytopes are planar, and thus we review the topological background to study graphs embedded in a topological space. We then study properties of polytopal graphs. We analyse acyclic orientations of graphs of polytopes in Section 3.5; these orientations are related to the shelling orders of the corresponding dual polytopes. We also examine convex realisations of 3-connected planar graphs and Steinitz’s characterisation of graphs of 3-polytopes. The graph of a 3-polytope contains a subdivision of the graph of the 3-simplex, namely $K^{4}$.Section 3.9 shows that this extends to every dimension. Since $K^{5}$ is the 1-skeleton of a $4$-simplex, the nonplanarity of $K^{5}$ is a special case of a theoremof Flores (1934) and Van Kampen (1932) that states the $d$-skeleton of the $(2d+2)$-simplex cannot be embedded in $\R^{2d}$ (Section 3.10).
This book introduces convex polytopes and their graphs, alongside the results and methodologies required to study them. It guides the reader from the basics to current research, presenting many open problems to facilitate the transition. The book includes results not previously found in other books, such as: the edge connectivity and linkedness of graphs of polytopes; the characterisation of their cycle space; the Minkowski decomposition of polytopes from the perspective of geometric graphs; Lei Xue's recent lower bound theorem on the number of faces of polytopes with a small number of vertices; and Gil Kalai's rigidity proof of the lower bound theorem for simplicial polytopes. This accessible introduction covers prerequisites from linear algebra, graph theory, and polytope theory. Each chapter concludes with exercises of varying difficulty, designed to help the reader engage with new concepts. These features make the book ideal for students and researchers new to the field.
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