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  • 7 - Justifying the Use of Force in the ‘Peripheries’

  • from Part II - The Use of Force in Nineteenth-Century Practice
  • Agatha Verdebout
  • Book:
    Rewriting Histories of the Use of Force
    Published online:
    10 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021, pp 178-203

  • Summary

    This chapter is the third and last one dedicated to the analysis of 19th State practice. It turns to precedents of justifying force in the ‘peripheries’, i.e., non-‘European’ spaces. Four case studies are more particularly analysed: building from the work of Inge Van Hulle, it looks at British colonial expansion in Western Africa; at the Anglo-Zulu War (1879); at the French Tonkin expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s; and at the United States’ annexation of Hawaii (1893–1898). It shows that even though the status of ‘peripheral’ entities in the international legal system was debated, intervening States once more took care to develop legal arguments to justify their colonial and expansionist adventures. In so doing it completes the picture of the practice of justifying force in the nineteenth century.