This chapter sketches a potential architecture of global federal government, framing it as the end-goal of a century-long, incremental process of reforms and innovations in governance. Humankind, in this scenario, will be strongly motivated to undertake these innovations because of escalating dangers and crises that can only be handled effectively through stronger forms of global cooperation and coordination. The key challenges here are: revamping the UN Security Council so it more accurately reflects the realities of global economic and military power; replacing the Security Council veto system with a new principle of weighted voting in all UN institutions, so that key policies can be implemented effectively; creating a world constitution to lay out the basic rules and principles through which the system will operate, as well as a world court to adjudicate disputes among the players; and establishing a UN Office for Emerging Technologies, a more dynamic WHO, and a dedicated UN Office for Climate Change Mitigation.

We present an overview of the evolution of the United Nations General Assembly, its most important achievements and remaining weaknesses and relevance. It is argued that the UN Charter should be amended to introduce a system of weighted voting, to better reflect the relative significance and influence of its 193 members. A proposal is put forward that uses three variables to arrive at a set of weights for membership in the General Assembly: (i) population size, to reflect each member’s accumulated demographic history so that countries with larger populations will have a larger voice; (ii) the size of the member’s economy; and (iii) a UN membership factor that is equal for all countries. For the GDP variable, the weighted average of GDP at market prices and GDP at PPP rates is used. The merits and limitations of such a scheme are analyzed and a gradual system of direct election of Assembly members is proposed. The chapter also presents the UN Charter’s Articles 9–11 on General Assembly composition, functions and powers and discusses how these Articles should be amended to reflect the new system of weighted voting and the enhanced powers that are envisaged for the Assembly under a revised Charter.