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4 results

  • Chapter 2 - A Cultural-Historical Approach to Children’s Development and Childhood

  • Mariane Hedegaard, University of Copenhagen, Anne Edwards, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    Taking Children and Young People Seriously
    Published online:
    08 June 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023, pp 19-47

  • Summary

    Education and child development are intrinsically intertwined. For us, development is not a predetermined unmediated unfolding of moves toward maturity. Rather, development is seen in relation to cultural expectations recognizing the potential agency of the learner in relation to these expectations. Hedegaard’s Wholeness Approach with its three different perspectives, the societal, the institutional practices and the person’s perspective is central to how we understand children’s development. The societal perspective, gives the conditions that a society with it cultural traditions and values create for children’s participation in different institutional practices. The practice perspective focuses on children’s participation in the different activity settings that characterize a given institutional practice like the breakfast and leaving for school setting, and the homework setting in a family. The demands children meet through participation in these settings are the focus for understanding children’s interactions with caregivers and their social situations. The person perspective focuses on the children’s intentions, agency and motive orientations, which may be different for children in different age periods. We have argued that age periods and the demands children meet as they move through different societal practices are crucial for understanding their social situation of development. Vygotsky’s account of the neoformation of higher psychological functions is introduced and how their emergence in a child’s consciousness changes a child’s relation to their environment and in particular their emotional relation to their world.

  • Environmental characteristics associated with campylobacteriosis: accounting for the effect of age and season

  • J. ARSENAULT, P. MICHEL, O. BERKE, A. RAVEL, P. GOSSELIN
  • Journal:
    Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 140 / Issue 2 / February 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 April 2011, pp. 311-322
    • Article
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  • Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis. An ecological study was undertaken to explore the association between environmental characteristics and incidence of campylobacteriosis in relation to four age groups and two seasonal periods. A multi-level Poisson regression model was used for modelling at the municipal level. High ruminant density was positively associated with incidence of campylobacteriosis, with a reduced effect as people become older. High poultry density and presence of a large poultry slaughterhouse were also associated with higher incidence, but only for people aged 16–34 years. The effect of ruminant density, poultry density, and slaughterhouses were constant across seasonal periods. Other associations were detected with population density and average daily precipitation. Close contacts with farm animals are probably involved in the associations observed. The specificity of age and season on this important disease must be considered in further studies and in the design of preventive measures.

  • Age transitions in the course of bipolar I disorder

  • W. Coryell, J. Fiedorowicz, D. Solomon, J. Endicott
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 39 / Issue 8 / August 2009
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 April 2009, pp. 1247-1252
  • Background

    This analysis aimed to show whether symptoms of either pole change in their persistence as individuals move through two decades, whether such changes differ by age grouping, and whether age of onset plays an independent role in symptom persistence.

    Method

    Participants in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) who completed at least 20 years of follow-up and who met study criteria for bipolar I or schizo-affective manic disorder, before intake or during follow-up, were divided by age at intake into youngest (18–29 years, n=56), middle (30–44 years, n=68) and oldest (>44 years, n=24) groups.

    Results

    The persistence of depressive symptoms increased significantly in the two younger groups. Earlier ages of onset were associated with higher depressive morbidity throughout the 20 years of follow-up but did not predict changes in symptom persistence. The proportions of weeks spent in episodes of either pole correlated across follow-up periods in all age groupings, although correlations were stronger for depressive symptoms and for shorter intervals.

    Conclusions

    Regardless of age at onset, the passage of decades in bipolar illness seems to bring an increase in the predominance of depressive symptoms in individuals in their third, fourth and fifth decades and an earlier age of onset portends a persistently greater depressive symptom burden. The degree to which either depression or manic/hypomanic symptoms persist has significant stability over lengthy periods and seems to reflect traits that manifest early in an individual's illness.

  • Does major depressive disorder change with age?

  • W. Coryell, D. Solomon, A. Leon, J. G. Fiedorowicz, P. Schettler, L. Judd, M. Keller
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 39 / Issue 10 / October 2009
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 March 2009, pp. 1689-1695
  • Background

    The authors used results from a 20-year, high-intensity follow-up to measure the influence of ageing, and of age at onset, on the long-term persistence of symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD).

    Method

    Subjects who completed a 20-year series of semi-annual and then annual assessments with a stable diagnosis of MDD or schizo-affective disorder other than mainly schizophrenic (n=220) were divided according to their ages at intake into youngest (18–29 years), middle (30–44 years) and oldest (>45 years) groups. Depressive morbidity was quantified as the proportion of weeks spent in major depressive or schizo-affective episodes. General linear models then tested for effects of time and time×group interactions on these measures. Regression analyses compared the influence of age of onset and of current age.

    Results

    Analyses revealed no significant time or group×time effects on the proportions of weeks in major depressive episodes in any of the three age groups. Earlier ages of onset were associated with greater symptom persistence, particularly in the youngest group. The proportions of weeks ill showed intra-individual stability over time that was most evident in the oldest group.

    Conclusions

    These results indicate that the persistence of depressive symptoms in MDD does not change as individuals move from their third to their fifth decade, from their fourth to their sixth decade, or from their sixth to their eighth decade. An early age of onset, rather than youth per se, is associated with greater morbidity over two decades.