Weed invasion has become increasingly recognized as a major threat to the practice of sustainable agriculture and the maintenance of natural ecosystems around the world. Without effective and ongoing management strategies, many weed species have the aggressive capacity to alter ecosystem functions and reduce the economic potential of the land into which they have been introduced. Although traditional weed management strategies can be useful in eliminating certain weeds, these approaches can be costly, economically damaging, and laborious and can result in variable long-term success. To further add to these challenges, several weed species have now developed resistance to a range of herbicide modes of action, which, to date, have been the major mechanism of weed control. As a result, it is anticipated that the use of emerging technology will help to provide a solution for the economical and environmentally sustainable management of various weeds. Of particular interest, emerging technology in the areas of weed detection and control (chemical, mechanical, electrical, laser, and thermal) has shown promising signs of improving long-term weed management strategies. These methods can also be assisted by, or integrated alongside, other technology, such as artificial intelligence or computer vision techniques for improved efficiency. To provide an overview of this topic, this review evaluates a range of emerging technology used for the detection and control of various weeds and explores the challenges and opportunities of their application within the field.

This article deals with the rehabilitation of economies in post-conflict states, paying particular attention to the role played by the state in this process. Using the example of Cambodia and its policies on rice production and export, the article shows the prominent role that may be played by the state in prioritised areas of economic development where there has been market failure. In the Cambodian case, the government targeted rice production and export as these had great potential for promoting the major aims of national development policy – economic growth and poverty alleviation. Using a whole-of-government approach and a combination of direct involvement and the creation of an enabling environment, the government appears to have contributed to vastly increased rice production and export.

The history of coffee cultivation on Mount Meru in northern Tanzania has been narrated by men and most scholars as a tale of extraordinary achievement and unfortunate decline. Meru women, however, associate coffee agriculture with gender inequality and social disorder. Complicating narratives of cash crop agriculture as a straightforward communal good, Williams uses oral histories to explore alternative renderings of Meru agricultural history, centering memories that highlight coffee’s role in reifying patriarchal power. Women’s concern with labor exploitation and emphasis on relational integrity challenge our understanding of what coffee represents in Meru history and our ideal models for pursuing sustainable growth through cash crop commodities.

The global food system exhibits dizzying complexity, with interaction among social, economic, biological, and technological factors. Opposition to the first generation of plants and animals transformed through rDNA-enabled gene transfer (so-called GMOs) has been a signature episode in resistance to the forces of industrialization and globalization in the food system. Yet agricultural scientists continue to tout gene technology as an essential component in meeting future global food needs. An ethical analysis of the debate over gene technologies reveals the details that matter. On the one hand, alternative regimes for institutionalizing gene technology (through regulation, trade policy, and intellectual property law) could mitigate injustices suffered by politically marginalized and economically disadvantaged actors in the food system, especially smallholding farmers in less industrialized economies. On the other hand, GMO opposition has been singularly effective in mobilizing citizens of affluent countries against policies and practices that lie at the heart of these same injustices. As part of the roundtable, “Ethics and the Future of the Global Food System,” this essay argues that charting a middle course that realizes the benefits of gene technology while blocking its use in the perpetration of unjust harms may require a more detailed grasp of intricacies in the food system than even motivated bystanders are willing to develop.

This paper identifies and describes the recent emergence of a new class of private sector intermediaries in fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) supermarket supply chains in China. These intermediaries play key roles that determine the ways in which farm households participate in and the benefits they derive from new retail-led market opportunities associated with the supermarket sector's shift from FFV procurement through wholesale markets towards more direct contracting with farm communities. This paper provides a comprehensive description of 198 FFV supply chain intermediaries working with Walmart China in 2014, including their historical background, infrastructure investments, downstream marketing and upstream sourcing. We find that these actors play an increasingly critical role in the organization of land, labor and production through contracts. Our study provides critical insights for understanding both the trends in vertical coordination of China's developing agricultural sector and the pace of the country's agricultural modernization. Walmart is a leading international supermarket chain with a growing presence in China, and evidence suggests that their supply chain strategies are similar to other large supermarkets in the region. Results are also relevant to understanding current challenges in China related to food safety and quality, a top priority in recent years.

This study examines several aspects of the Environmental Horticulture Industry (EHI) in the northeastern United States. First, the EHI is compared to other agricultural sectors in the region. The sector's growth is found to far outpace growth in traditionally important crops and commodities. The study then takes a closer look at the EHI in Pennsylvania, utilizing survey data and the IMPLAN input-output model to estimate the overall economic contributions of the industry to the state's economy. Results suggest that the EHI generates nearly $3.3 billion in value-added and more than 107,000 state jobs through direct, indirect, and induced effects. Finally, survey data are used to identify and discuss important issues that land grant universities throughout the Northeast can address as they seek to strengthen the sector.

Throughout Asia, the relationship between the state and the rural sector has shifted from taxation to subsidy. The political tussles over subsistence between resistant peasants and taxing states, eloquently described by James Scott, have been replaced by a more affluent political dynamic focussed on subsidy and productivity. This article explores this transformation by means of a comparative study of Thailand and South Korea. Like many other countries, Thailand and South Korea have followed the path from taxation to subsidy but Thailand has never successfully addressed its legacy of low agricultural productivity. Contemporary South Korean agriculture, by contrast, is a result of a century-long investment in productivity improvement, in both its taxation and subsidy phases. The interaction between government policy and agricultural productivity has important political implications. Whereas South Korea has made a successful democratic transition and achieved a broad consensus on support for the agricultural sector, Thailand has failed to effectively manage the contemporary dilemmas of exchange between rural people and the state.

Payment for ecosystem services (PES) has been widely promoted as an effective and efficient model for conservation; however, few studies have empirically examined how the market-based approach interacts with farmer's decision-making processes and their abilities to sustain new conservation practices. This paper examines the sustainability of a PES silvopastoral programme in Colombia from peasant farmers’ perspectives. Programme participants were asked questions regarding their perceived ability to continue with the silvopastoral practices, the influence of the economic benefits and contracts on behavioural change, and the programme's impacts on self-determination, innovation and social learning; factors considered critical for sustained resource management. While the participants expressed a need for the PES programme practices, less than half stated that they would continue with the silvopastoral measures and only 13% understood that part of their contractual commitment was to conserve forests. Ten per cent of the participants considered themselves the principal decision-maker in the farm-level changes and only one participant had altered the prescribed practices, despite a common perception that some techniques were not suitable for the region. The results suggest a need to re-examine the degree to which the PES model in fact encourages adaptive management practices and sustained land-use behaviours in peasant communities.

Historique. L’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale), originaire du nord-est du Brésil, a été introduit au Mozambique à la fin du xvie siècle. Ce pays a longtemps été le premier producteur mondial avec 216 000 t de noix commercialisées en 1971–1972. Par la suite, certaines mesures politiques et la concurrence d’autres pays producteurs lui ont fait perdre sa place. Face à cette situation, des actions d’appui à la filière anacarde ont été entreprises à partir des années quatre-vingt. Relance de l’anacarde au Mozambique. Au Mozambique, l’anacardier se rencontre tout le long de la côte, mais il est surtout localisé dans les provinces du Nord. Le contexte de la libéralisation et de la privatisation de la filière engagées ces dernières années est décrit, ainsi que les conséquences engendrées par ces actions. Les différents projets d’appui à la filière ont surtout concerné la production et la diffusion de plants. Le plus récent, le « Projet de relance du cajou » (PRC) a été élaboré en 1999. Il a visé l’amélioration de la productivité de l'anacarde et la production de noix de qualité au travers de systèmes d'exploitation aptes à conserver la fertilité des sols. Dans ce contexte, les recherches d’accompagnement se sont focalisées sur la lutte contre les maladies et parasites de l’anacarde et la sélection de matériel végétal performant. Lutte contre les maladies de l’anacardier. Les résultats obtenus pour le contrôle de l’oïdium avec des fongicides organiques et la possibilité d’une alternance de produits (soufre / triazole) sont présentés. De même, l’utilisation de fongicides organiques pour le contrôle de l’anthracnose est abordée. Contrôle des ravageurs. Ce point nécessite la formation en cours d’un entomologiste et la mise en place d’un système d’avertissement qui devrait permettre à terme de disposer d’un outil multirégional d’alerte et d’aide à la décision. Sélection et amélioration. L’obtention de nouvelles variétés a été abordée par un essai de comportement clonal, la sélection de types communs locaux et la création d’hybrides. Conclusions. Les premiers résultats du PRC sont encourageants et sa réalisation a permis la constitution d’une unité de recherche régionale qui est venue conforter et redynamiser la recherche anacarde à l’échelle nationale.

Contexte et présentation du projet. Après un bref historique et un aperçu général de l’arboriculture fruitière en Polynésie française, le fonctionnement et les opérations programmées sur 3 ans d’un projet d’appui mené de 2002 à 2005 sont présentés. Réalisation. Les cinq thèmes principaux d’intervention sont successivement décrits : amélioration du matériel végétal ; recherches d’accompagnement ; formation, vulgarisation et encadrement : volet complété par la rédaction de documents techniques ; missions d’appui et stages ; démarche qualité et organisation de la profession, complété par un volet de valorisation des produits par transformation. Les résultats et les moyens utilisés sont analysés. Discussion et conclusion. Les avantages et inconvénients rencontrés dans la réalisation du projet sont discutés et permettent de proposer quelques améliorations dans la mise en œuvre de projets analogues.

La pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) en culture de diversification à l'île de la Réunion : stratégie d'accompagnement de son développement.Résumé – Le patrimoine fruitier de l'île de la Réunion. Parmi les quelques 138 espèces fruitières qui composent le patrimoine fruitier de l'île de la Réunion, seules quelques-unes d'entre-elles sont véritablement cultivées. Pourtant, certaines autres pourraient séduire les consommateurs avides de nouveauté. Critères de présélection pour une culture de diversification. Face à ce constat, une présélection a été réalisée afin d'identifier des espèces fruitières nouvelles, candidates à la diversification pour l'île de la Réunion ; les critères de choix ont été : l'attractivité du fruit, sa commodité à être consommé, son goût, l'aptitude à sa conservation, la rentabilité de l'espèce, etc. La pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) a alors été retenue. Ce choix a ensuite été validé par une enquête auprès de consommateurs réunionnais. Développement de la pitaya à l'île de la Réunion. Le développement de cette nouvelle culture a été réalisé en trois étapes : identification des contraintes agronomiques liées à l'intensification de cette culture et recherche de solutions ; acquisition des techniques culturales de base et sensibilisation du grand public ; prise en compte des contraintes des agriculteurs et accompagnement commercial du nouveau produit. Conclusions. Les qualités commerciales de la pitaya (couleur et forme attrayantes), l'enthousiasme des consommateurs et la motivation des agriculteurs envers cette nouvelle espèce font de H. sp. une véritable opportunité de diversification pour l'île de la Réunion alors que, il y a 7 ans, le fruit de cette espèce était totalement inconnu sur l'île.

The sustainability issues associated with agricultural development are a growing concern worldwide. This study focussed on farmers' attitudes about environmental degradation and long term productivity loss that may result from implementation of modern agricultural technologies. The study was conducted in a selected area of Bangladesh and field level data were collected from the sampled farmers through personal interviewing. Findings revealed that more than two-thirds of the farmers confronted either a medium or high level of environmental problems due to intensive cultivation. Their main concerns were stress on soil fertility, loss of essential aquatic life, and reduction of earthworms and other beneficial organisms in soil. The farmers' recommended solutions were production of high yielding crop varieties with conservation management practices, and the balanced use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures. To apply these techniques, the top expectation of the farmers was to receive subsidies for agricultural inputs, and get easy-term credit from the government or non-government organizations. Interestingly, just half the farmers in the study area possessed a less than favorable attitude towards sustainability issues of agricultural development. In other words, to them these issues were of low or marginal priority. Only 6% of them expressed a highly favorable attitude (high priority) and 44% expressed a moderate attitude. Based on correlations, the individual farmer's age, education, family size, organizational participation, television exposure, communication behavior and environmental problem confrontation were identified as the main determinants of their attitudes about sustainability issues. Hence, these factors should be considered when formulating programs and policies for agriculture development that aim for long-term sustainability.