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1 results

  • Chapter 23 - Chronic Ankle and Foot Pain

  • from Part V - Extremities
  • Edited by Omar Viswanath, Creighton University, Omaha, Ivan Urits, Southcoast Brain & Spine Center, Wareham
  • Book:
    Cambridge Handbook of Pain Medicine
    Published online:
    01 December 2023
    Print publication:
    14 December 2023, pp 181-193

  • Summary

    Chronic foot and ankle pain is a common symptom of a wide variety of conditions. Nationwide burden of substantial foot or ankle pain is 24% and 15%, respectively, resulting in a significant healthcare burden. Certain conditions have more specific etiologies or risk factors, many origins of chronic pain lie in obesity, lack of exercise/foot strength, and poor foot biomechanics. Chronic repetitive damage to the surrounding ligaments of the ankle joint structure or repetitive damage to the synovial joint itself can lead to CAI and osteoarthritis, respectively. Systemic disease, acute and overuse injuries, and anatomical deformities must also be considered when evaluating for the origin of pain. For many conditions, conservative treatment with oral anti-inflammatory drugs, orthotics, and physical therapy are first-line treatment and mitigate symptoms effectively in a majority of compliant patients. There is good evidence for the use of various modalities of pharmaceutical injections before recommending a patient to a more invasive surgical procedure.