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4 results

  • Self-blame in major depression: a randomised pilot trial comparing fMRI neurofeedback with self-guided psychological strategies

  • Tanja Jaeckle, Steven C. R. Williams, Gareth J. Barker, Rodrigo Basilio, Ewan Carr, Kimberley Goldsmith, Alessandro Colasanti, Vincent Giampietro, Anthony Cleare, Allan H. Young, Jorge Moll, Roland Zahn
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 7 / May 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 December 2021, pp. 2831-2841
    • Article
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  • Background

    Overgeneralised self-blame and worthlessness are key symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and have previously been associated with self-blame-selective changes in connectivity between right superior anterior temporal lobe (rSATL) and subgenual frontal cortices. Another study showed that remitted MDD patients were able to modulate this neural signature using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training, thereby increasing their self-esteem. The feasibility and potential of using this approach in symptomatic MDD were unknown.

    Method

    This single-blind pre-registered randomised controlled pilot trial probed a novel self-guided psychological intervention with and without additional rSATL-posterior subgenual cortex (BA25) fMRI neurofeedback, targeting self-blaming emotions in people with insufficiently recovered MDD and early treatment-resistance (n = 43, n = 35 completers). Participants completed three weekly self-guided sessions to rebalance self-blaming biases.

    Results

    As predicted, neurofeedback led to a training-induced reduction in rSATL-BA25 connectivity for self-blame v. other-blame. Both interventions were safe and resulted in a 46% reduction on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, our primary outcome, with no group differences. Secondary analyses, however, revealed that patients without DSM-5-defined anxious distress showed a superior response to neurofeedback compared with the psychological intervention, and the opposite pattern in anxious MDD. As predicted, symptom remission was associated with increases in self-esteem and this correlated with the frequency with which participants employed the psychological strategies in daily life.

    Conclusions

    These findings suggest that self-blame-rebalance neurofeedback may be superior over a solely psychological intervention in non-anxious MDD, although further confirmatory studies are needed. Simple self-guided strategies tackling self-blame were beneficial, but need to be compared against treatment-as-usual in further trials. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10526888

  • 27 - On the Interaction Between Episodic and Semantic Representations – Constructing a Unified Account of Imagination

  • from Part IV - Novel Combinatorial Forms of the Imagination
  • Edited by Anna Abraham, University of Georgia
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination
    Published online:
    26 May 2020
    Print publication:
    18 June 2020, pp 447-465

  • Summary

    Few topics in cognitive neuroscience can be said to have spurred intense research interest and vigorous debate as much as the neurocognitive architecture of imagination. Despite the tendency to view imagination as a unitary mental faculty, its multifaceted nature implicates a diverse range of underlying processes. Episodic memory has been ascribed a foundational role in furnishing the contents of mental constructions. By contrast, semantic memory has long been overlooked in the discourse, despite converging evidence of its centrality for all forms of inner mentation. Here, I expand upon the idea that the undifferentiated and flexible nature of semantic memory renders it particularly well suited to support imagination in its many guises. The imagined scenario thus reflects the output of a dynamic process that shifts back and forth along an episodic-semantic continuum, the weighting of which hinges largely upon task demands and integrity of the underlying memory system. Accordingly, the aim of this chapter is to move the focus away from the traditional episodic/semantic dichotomy in favour of a unified account in which episodic and semantic processes coalesce in the service of constructive endeavors.

  • 10 - Brain differences

  • from Part III - Hormones and the brain
    • By Paula Shear, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA, Rosemary Fama, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
  • Edited by Martha J. Morrell, Columbia University, New York, Kerry L. Flynn, Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center, New York
  • Book:
    Women with Epilepsy
    Published online:
    02 November 2009
    Print publication:
    20 March 2003, pp 101-111

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an overview of the differences between men and women in terms of brain development, normal cognitive (thinking) skills, and the cognitive difficulties that may result from epilepsy. This chapter emphasizes on the biology of sex differences in brain functioning, but there are many 'nonbiological' factors that also explain differences in behavior between men and women. There are several human disorders that act as 'experiments of nature because they provide information about the cognitive effect of early hormone exposure. Many studies have examined the differences between males and females in the nature and severity of cognitive deficits that develop after brain injury or neurologic disorders. These studies explore whether damage to a specific brain region causes different types of cognitive problems in men and women. Several studies have examined whether men and women differ in their cognitive abilities after epilepsy surgery in the anterior temporal lobe.

  • Sentence comprehension and word repetition: A positron emission tomography investigation

  • LAURIE A. STOWE, ANNE M.J. PAANS, ALBERTUS A. WIJERS, FRANS ZWARTS, GIJSBERTUS MULDER, WILLEM VAALBURG
  • Journal:
    Psychophysiology / Volume 36 / Issue 6 / November 1999
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 November 1999, pp. 786-801
    Print publication:
    November 1999

  • Using positron emission tomography, visual presentation of sentences was shown to cause increased regional cerebral blood flow relative to word lists in the left lateral anterior superior and middle temporal gyri, attributable to cognitive processes that occur during sentence comprehension in addition to those carried out during word comprehension. Additional comparisons showed that repeating words (in a different context, when subjects did not attempt to learn the initial lists) led to significant patterns of both increased blood flow (left putamen and right caudate) and decreased blood flow (left posterior temporal lobe). Increases are argued to reflect retrieval of memory traces, whereas decreases reflect diminished necessity for processing of input. A decrease in the left inferior parietal lobe was attributable to other factors.