In this chapter, the main aspects of HIV in the adult population and its effects on mental state are considered in terms of epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management. The psychiatric management of individuals with HIV and AIDS may be complicated by biological manifestations of infections which may contribute to altered behaviour. The mainstay of treatment of HIV/AIDS is with antiviral agents of three broad classes, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. The chapter lists out reported psychiatric side-effects of antiretroviral medications used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS affect individuals, families, friends and the wider community in general. Hence the inclusion of social support is an essential adjunct to successful treatment of any HIV-associated psychiatric mortality. However, the appearance of resistance to antiretroviral medications may eventually result in increases in the prevalence of HIV and AIDS.