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2 results

  • Chapter 11 - Origins of Individual Differences in Social Behavior and the Social Brain

  • from Part III - An Individual’s Cognitive Aging with Others: Key Findings, Issues, and Implications
  • Edited by Jeanyung Chey, Seoul National University
  • Book:
    Society within the Brain
    Published online:
    28 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023, pp 231-268

  • Summary

    Humans are all different in how they behave and how their brains work in social contexts. This chapter reviews evidence regarding the origins of individual differences in social behavior and the social brain. It explores questions such as: How are genetic variations related to individual differences in social behavior and the social brain? How are environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status and early childhood experience, associated with individual differences in social behavior and the social brain? It also reviews how gene–environment interactions shape one’s social behavior and brain. Lastly, it highlights the critical role of adulthood experiences in social behavior and well-being in later life.

  • 12 - Placental amino acid transporters

  • Edited by Graham J. Burton, David J. P. Barker, Ashley Moffett, Kent Thornburg
  • Book:
    The Placenta and Human Developmental Programming
    Published online:
    04 February 2011
    Print publication:
    16 December 2010, pp 147-160

  • Summary

    The state of stress may be produced in the body by many causes, but the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central coordinating role in the response to both internal and external stressors, substantially mediated through the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). At every stage healthy development presumes the ready availability of a suitable mix of nutrients to support the current needs for cellular growth, elaboration, maturation, function and replication. Placental function plays a critical determining role in the process of fetal programming and the determination of the fetal phenotype. The changes in growth are associated with long-term alterations in behaviour, circulating levels of glucocorticoids and the set of the HPA axis in the offspring. Prepregnancy obesity is increasingly common, and despite the reality of obesity-related infertility assisted technologies enable more to become pregnant.