The economics used by governments is based on ideas from the 1870s, when economists adopted the language of science, but not the method. To make the maths easy to solve, they assumed the economy was simple, predictable, and static. Nobody believes these assumptions are true, but they still shape analysis that informs policy. When the economy is complex, uncertain, and changing, this kind of analysis can lead us to bad decisions.

Inferences are never assumption free. Data summaries that do not account for all relevant effects readily mislead. Distributions for the Pearson correlation and for counts, and extensions accounting for handling extra-binomial and extra-Poisson variation are noted. Notions of statistical power are introduced. Resampling methods, the bootstrap, and permutation tests, extend available inferential approaches. Regression with a single explanatory variable is used as a context in which to introduce residual plots, outliers, influence, robust regression, and standard errors of predicted values. There are two regression lines – that of y on x and that of x on y. Power transformations, with the logarithmic transformation as a special case, are often effective in giving a linear relationship. The training/test approach, and the closely allied of cross-validation approach, can be important for avoiding over-fitting. Other topics include one- and two-way comparisons, adjustments when there are multiple comparisons, and the estimation of false discovery rates when there is severe multiplicity. Discussions of theories of inference, including likelihood, and Bayes Factor and other Bayesian perspectives, ends the chapter.

Through textually grounded "reverse engineering" of Sun Tzu’s ideas, this study challenges widely held assumptions. Sun Tzu is more straightforward, less "crafty," than often imagined. The concepts are more structural, less aphoristic. The fourteen themes approach provides a way of addressing Sun Tzu’s tendency to speak to multiple, often shifting, audiences at once ("multivocality"). It also sheds light on Sun Tzu’s limitations, including a pervasive zero-sum mentality; focus mostly on conventional warfare; a narrow view of human nature. Sun Tzu’s enduring value is best sought in the text’s extensive attention to warfare’s information aspects, where Sun Tzu made timeless contributions having implications for modern information warfare and especially its human aspects (e.g., algorithm sabotage by subverted insiders). The text points opportunities for small, agile twenty-first-century strategic actors to exploit cover provided by modern equivalents to Sun Tzu’s "complex terrain" (digital systems, social networks, complex organizations, and complex statutes) to run circles around large, sluggish, established institutional actors, reaping great profit from applying Sun Tzu’s insights.

Through textually grounded "reverse engineering" of Sun Tzu’s ideas, this study challenges widely held assumptions. Sun Tzu is more straightforward, less "crafty," than often imagined. The concepts are more structural, less aphoristic. The fourteen themes approach provides a way of addressing Sun Tzu’s tendency to speak to multiple, often shifting, audiences at once ("multivocality"). It also sheds light on Sun Tzu’s limitations, including a pervasive zero-sum mentality; focus mostly on conventional warfare; a narrow view of human nature. Sun Tzu’s enduring value is best sought in the text’s extensive attention to warfare’s information aspects, where Sun Tzu made timeless contributions having implications for modern information warfare and especially its human aspects (e.g., algorithm sabotage by subverted insiders). The text points opportunities for small, agile twenty-first-century strategic actors to exploit cover provided by modern equivalents to Sun Tzu’s "complex terrain" (digital systems, social networks, complex organizations, and complex statutes) to run circles around large, sluggish, established institutional actors, reaping great profit from applying Sun Tzu’s insights.

There is a daunting array of statistical “methods” out there – regression, ANOVA, loglinear models, GLMMS, ANCOVA, etc. They often are treated as different data analysis approaches. We take a more holistic view. Most methods biologists use are variations on a central theme of generalized linear models – relating a biological response to a linear combination of predictor variables. We show how several common “named” methods are related, based on classifying biological response and predictor variables as continuous or categorical. We use simple regression, single-factor ANOVA, logistic regression, and two-dimensional contingency tables to show how these methods all represent generalized linear models with a single predictor. We describe how we fit these models and outline their assumptions.

The Conclusion summarises the findings and makes recommendations for interpreting the Refugee Convention in a manner that better responds to the characteristics of contemporary armed conflicts. The effective international protection of persons fleeing contemporary armed conflicts would require a shift in assumptions and consideration of evidence that goes beyond the conventional warfare perspective currently adopted by appellate authorities in EU MS to focus instead on the gendered dynamics of violence. The book recommends a more detailed examination of armed groups’ strategies and tactics in conflicts, including their means, as this provides a better understanding of their reliance on violence against civilians to control populations and territories and support the financial costs of fighting. Examining the tactics and means of parties to conflicts locates a logic in the choice of violence leading to highly visible forms of human rights violations. This, in turn, enables the conceptualisation of particular incidents, such as kidnappings or sexual violence and rape at checkpoints, as strategic choices of violence rather than criminal by-products of conflicts. Thus, better understanding the dynamics of violence in conflict helps identify the Refugee Convention reasons for persecution and highlights the increasing importance of imputed Refugee Convention grounds.

The economics used by governments is based on ideas from the 1870s, when economists adopted the language of science, but not the method. To make the maths easy to solve, they assumed the economy was simple, predictable, and static. Nobody believes these assumptions are true, but they still shape analysis that informs policy. When the economy is complex, uncertain, and changing, this kind of analysis can lead us to bad decisions.

In this chapter, we begin by examining the term ‘family’ and how it is defined in different contexts. As we examine these different definitions you will come to understand the complexity of ‘family’ and the diverse ways in which families can be defined. We then explore some of the structural and functional definitions of the family before moving towards examining some of the underlying assumptions made about families within wider society, including how these assumptions might position families in educational contexts. Through this exploration, some of your own underlying assumptions may be challenged as you come to understand the importance of educators and families working together to achieve the best educational outcomes for children. The chapter continues by discussing the idea of a subjective definition of families and what this might mean for you as an educator. We then move toward the term ’partnership’ and explore some of the barriers and opportunities to partnership work and how they can be harnessed and/or overcome. The chapter concludes by introducing the notion of innovative partnership work, your role in it as an educator, and the importance of this work in the educational context.

In this chapter, we introduce the main ideas behind relevance theory. We begin by considering how it developed out of the Gricean approach to pragmatics, and we look at how it differs from that approach. Relevance theory is a cognitive pragmatic theory of how we process utterances (and information) in context. The chapter begins with a discussion of relevance and cognition, and we outline the relevance-theoretic characterisation of context. This then leads us to a definition of what it means for something to be relevant, and we introduce the two principles which drive the relevance-theoretic approach to utterance interpretation. When information is intentionally communicated (both in utterances and in other forms of communication), we say it is ostensive. Ostensive communication is, according to relevance theory, special. It raises expectations of how relevant it will be for the addressee, and this has important consequences for how we process information and how we understand utterance interpretation. We will see that this leads us to the relevance-theoretic comprehension procedure which describes how we go about processing intentionally communicated information.

Steps taken to start a new venture can make for rocky road ahead if consideration is not given to the points reviewed in this chapter. How to select and build a team and fairly distribute the founder’s equity, how to select an advisory board or a board of directors, and the importance of establishing a culture within the new company are all points discussed in detail and highlighted through personal stories and case examples. The main components of a business plan are covered in many texts and blogs, so this chapter focuses on the practical issues that few academic texts discuss, such as: how to perform due diligence on your investors and tips on creating slide decks , pitching and presenting business plans, and structuring financials and milestone to meet investors key concerns. The sources of financing and expectations of investors are reviewed with a view to guiding the entrepreneur or executive through the key elements for success, including successful closing on a term sheet or preparing for due diligence so that the process moves smoothly towards closure of the financing. The specific challenges facing an academic technopreneur moving into a decision-making executive (CSO or CEO) role are reviewed and guidance offered on utilizing the strength of the team around them.

Chapter 2 presents the key debates in the field of rapid ethnography and the assumptions associated with conventional ethnographic research. This chapter discusses the particular characteristics of rapid ethnographies. The chapter engages with discussions on epistemology, the role of theory and reflexivity in ethnographic research and the role these occupy in rapid ethnographies. These have been limitations identified by proponents of focused ethnographies (Knoblauch 2005) and short-term ethnographies (Pink and Morgan 2013), so this chapter seeks to provide evidence of how rapid ethnographies can also engage with theory and the reflective practice that characterises more 'traditional' forms of ethnography.

Government policy made specifically for and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, as distinct from other Australians, evolved from the time of white settlement in 1788. A range of social policy decisions arguably contributed to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experiencing multilevel disadvantage, including lower life expectancy and education levels, poorer physical and mental health and higher rates of infant mortality, unemployment, family violence, incarceration and homelessness than other Australians. This chapter focuses on the assumptions about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that have underpinned past and present social policy, the impact of explicit and implicit racism in past and present policy focused on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, instances of Indigenous policy formulation flaws and delivery implementation gaps, and concepts of equity, citizenship and human rights to measures like compulsory income management. It encourages the reader to reflect on their own value base and practice in light of claims regarding white privilege and the control of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.