Introduction. This protocol aims at monitoring the development of Sigatoka disease (Mycosphaerella musicola / Pseudocercospora musae) of banana plants in order to control this disease with a minimum of fungicide applications. A good timing of fungicide application will result in lower cost of control, lower risk of fungicide resistance and lower negative environmental impact. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. Details of the seven steps of the protocol allowing banana plot preparation, data collection, stage of evolution of the disease (SED) calculation, and timing of fungicide applications are described. Possible troubleshooting is mentioned. Results. Weekly observation of selected banana plants allows filling in a data sheet used for the calculation of the SED. A graphic representation of the weekly evolution of this SED can then be used for timing of fungicide spraying decisions.

Introduction. This protocol aims at monitoring the development of Black Leaf Streak (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) disease of banana plants in order to control this disease with a minimum of fungicide applications. A good timing of fungicide application will result in lower cost of control, lower risk of fungicide resistance and lower environmental negative impact. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. Details of the six steps of the protocol allowing banana plot preparation, data collection, stage of evolution of the disease (SED) calculation, and timing of fungicide applications are described. Possible troubleshooting is mentioned. Results. Weekly observation of selected banana plants allows filling in a data sheet used for the calculation of the SED. A graphic representation of the weekly evolution of this SED can then be used for timing of fungicide spraying decisions.

Introduction. Fruit flies contribute significantly to yield losses experienced by citrus farmers in Nigeria. The majority of farmers have meager resources and limited knowledge of appropriate citrus pest management strategies. The best alternative for them is the application of control methods that are environmentally friendly and affordable. Our work was therefore designed to develop baits from a cheap source for monitoring fruit fly populations and controlling them while minimizing environmental hazards. Materials and methods. Protein bait prepared locally from brewery yeast waste by the process of heat autolysis was compared with the imported protein hydrolysate bait in McPhail traps. These traps were hung on the trees of four sweet orange varieties during the major citrus fruiting seasons of 2003 and 2004. Results. Species of Ceratitis dominated in the fruit fly samples collected. Both the imported and locally made baits caught significantly higher numbers of fruit flies than the non-baited control. There was no significant difference between the populations of fruit flies caught by the two baits during the studies. The decreasing order of varieties according to trapped fruit fly numbers for both the imported and locally made baits were: Washington navel > Parson Brown > Valencia late > Agege-1. The fruit fly numbers observed on Washington navel were significantly higher than those of Agege-1 and Valencia late. Discussion. Our results show the effectiveness of the locally made protein bait in fruit fly monitoring and management. Varietal differences also played a part in determining the extent of fruit fly attacks on sweet oranges.

Introduction. Le ravageur A. aurantii ou pou de Californie, non contrôlé, est capable d'entraîner en deux à trois années le dessèchement complet d'agrumes contaminés. Au Maroc, le nombre d'interventions pesticides, contre cette cochenille, par cycle de produc- tion, n'a cessé de croître depuis les années 1960. Dans ces conditions, une lutte raisonnée s'impose. Le travail entrepris a eu pour objectif de tester conjointement trois techniques d'avertissement agricole. Matériel et méthodes. Les expérimentations effectuées ont étudié la génération printanière du ravageur au cours de deux années pendant lesquelles les dégâts qu'il a entraînés ont été très importants. Onze biotopes répartis dans la zone agrumicole du périmètre irrigué du Tadla (Maroc) ont été étudiés. Le biotope 1, non traité, a servi de réfé- rence. Les trois méthodes d'avertissement utilisées conjointement ont été le piégeage des adultes mâles d'A. aurantii, le suivi de l'évolution de la dynamique des populations larvaires du ravageur et de son principal parasite Aphytis melinus, l'utilisation de la notion de degrés jours. Pour chacune de ces méthodes, un seuil d'intervention a été défini. Résultats et discussion. L'utilisation des trois techniques d'avertissement agricole et la considération des seuils requis par chacune d'elles ont permis de déterminer une période d'intervention précise et d'adapter le traitement préconisé (insecticides, huiles minérales ou aucun traitement, selon les cas) aux risques d'infestation. Par ailleurs, le parasitisme de A. aurantii par A. melinus a réduit significativement les populations du pou de Californie dans les parcelles non traitées. Conclusion. La méthode du calcul de degrés jours combinée au dénombrement des mâles du ravageur par piégeage peut constituer une base d'avertissement agricole efficace et à la portée des producteurs d'agrumes marocains. L'activité naturelle de A. melinus dans les con- ditions du Tadla reste insuffisante pour contrôler l'incidence économique de la cochenille.