Pediatric epilepsy is a broad topic with specific syndromes highlighted in this chapter. A thorough discussion for the evaluation and management of febrile seizures is first. The chapter then transitions to a discussion of high-yield epileptic and developmental encephalopathies. Examples include diagnoses like infantile spasms, Dravet syndrome, and FIRES (febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome). The chapter than progresses toward the self-limiting epilepsy of childhoods and a discussion of clinical features, management, and long-term prognosis.The generalized epilepsies are then discussed since they commonly commence in the pediatric time period. High-yield EEG examples are provided as they so frequently confirm the diagnosis. Specific neurocutaneous syndromes are next reviewed in a concise table that defines key differences and diagnostic criteria.Lastly, the two diagnoses of Rasmussen’s encephalitis and hemimegaloencephaly that can benefit from early consideration of hemispherectomy are reviewed.

This chapter will explore the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigation, diagnosis and onward management of both benign and borderline ovarian cysts. The category of benign cysts includes simple, haemorrhagic, dermoid and endometrial and will also include ovarian cysts in pregnancy. Additional note is given to emergency presentations of ovarian cysts/masses, including ovarian torsion and cyst rupture.

The topic of borderline cysts will be addressed, including definition, subtypes, presentation, investigations, diagnosis, management and outcome. The most common subtypes discussed are serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell and transitional cell borderline ovarian cysts.

Benign breast disorders (BBDs) are non-malignant breast conditions. Though they account for the most common breast lesions, they are considered less important than their malignant counterparts. Nonetheless, accurate diagnosis, quantification of the risk of malignancy and appropriate treatment are of paramount importance because symptoms such as pain or nipple discharge and the fear of malignancy can cause enormous worry to the woman and her family.

EEG is useful to make prognostic estimations and evaluate for nonconvulsive seizures post cardiac arrest. Unfavorable EEG patterns portend poor outcomes, whereas early improvements including restoration of physiological rhythms are associated with better outcomes. The EEG has limitations; it should not be used in isolation to make prognostic estimations. Highly malignant EEG patterns are specifically associated with poor outcomes. Individual malignant patterns have low sensitivity and specificity for poor outcomes. Benign patterns (absence of malignant features) suggest favorable outcomes. Seizures and status epilepticus are common post cardiac arrest and may contribute to poor outcomes. Myoclonic status epilepticus is characterized by prolonged cortical myoclonus. Early myoclonic status epilepticus post cardiac arrest is typically associated with poor prognosis.