Helicoverpa armigera is a pest of several crops causing significant economic impact. We evaluated the insect development on different vegetative and reproductive structures of cotton, maize, and soybean compared to artificial diet. One hundred individuals were evaluated per structure (cotton leaves and bolls; maize leaves, grains, and silk; soybean leaves and pods) and artificial diet. Centesimal analyses were performed on quantifiable nutrient contents in diets. The viability of immatures (eggs, larvae, and pupae) ranged from 30% on maize leaf to 74% on cotton bolls, while on the artificial diet, it was 70%. Maize, cotton, and soybean leaves provided viability of 30, 37, and 42%, respectively, revealing these leaves tissues are less favorable to the development of H. armigera immatures compared to ‘reproductive tissues’. Centesimal composition of diets compared 14 common components in all diets, which correlated significantly with larval and pupal stages and/or pupal weight. Of the 12 dietary components that significantly affected larval development time, half were negatively correlated, indicating a decrease in developmental time from their increments. In general, when insects were confined separately to substrates, the artificial diet was the most suitable for H. armigera development compared to the evaluated natural diets. However, in natural conditions, the variability of available hosts must be considered. In addition, it is acceptable for moths to select more suitable hosts for oviposition, while their larvae move to other more suitable tissues of the same plant or even migrate to other plants.

Introduction. Cytokinins enhance axillary shoots, which helps prolific shoot multiplication in vitro. Very few reports are available on biochemical changes associated with this in vitro proliferation of Citrus. The present study was undertaken to find out the influence of two widely used cytokinins on various morphological and biochemical constituents of in vitro proliferated shoots of Citrus species. Materials and methods. Shoots of (0.5 to 1.0) cm long from in vitro proliferated shoots of five Citrus species were cultured on MS medium supplemented with eight increasing levels of benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin spread from (0.25 to 2) mg$\cdot$L-1. After 6 weeks of culture, morphogenetic characters were observed, and shoot samples were crushed with 5 mL of hot ethanol; the extract collected was used for the estimation of reducing sugars, total phenols, ortho dihydric (OD) phenol, amino nitrogen and protein percentages. Results and discussion. For all the morphogenetic characters studied, except the shoot number, there were significant interactions between the Citrus species and the different concentrations of BAP and kinetine. Increased concentration of cytokinins reduced the amount of total phenol, OD phenol and total protein. Calamondin recorded the lowest percent of reducing sugar and protein. The maximum amount of reducing sugars was recorded for C. volkameriana. Supplementation of BAP resulted in the highest amount of total and OD phenols, whereas kinetin improved the reducing sugar and amino nitrogen.