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6 results

  • 2 - The Great Tradition That Failed

  • Jaymin Lee, Yonsei University, Seoul
  • Book:
    The Tortuous Path of South Korean Economic Development
    Published online:
    07 December 2023
    Print publication:
    21 December 2023, pp 21-47

  • Summary

    Korea existed as an independent country longer than most countries in the world, within the great tradition of East Asia. However, Korea fell behind Europe with the "great divergence" in the modern era, evolving into a state most remote from Europe’s warfare states. The country also lagged behind neighboring China and Japan economically and socially, and the elites did not carry out reform from above in time. Korea thereby failed to adapt to the tectonic changes of the international environment in the nineteenth century and became a colony of Japan. The Japanese colonial rule transformed the Korean economy with a strong state capacity, enabling the Koreans’ per capita GDP as well as their total GDP to increase. However, the living standard stagnated, suggesting that landlords benefited disproportionately from the growth. The growth was eventually unsustainable because of the war. The colonial rule left a negative as well as a positive legacy for the country’s future.

  • Investing in a Wealthy Resource-Based Colonial Economy: International Business in Australia before World War I

  • Simon Ville, David Tolmie Merrett
  • Journal:
    Business History Review / Volume 94 / Issue 2 / Summer 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 July 2020, pp. 321-346
    Print publication:
    Summer 2020

  • The article is a rare investigation into multinational activity in a wealthy resource-based colonial economy toward the end of the first wave of globalization. It challenges the conventional wisdom that multinationals had a limited presence in pre-1914 Australia, where government loans and portfolio investment from Britain into infrastructural and primary industries dominated. Our new database of nearly five hundred foreign firms, from various nations and spread across the host economy, shows a thriving and diverse international business community whose agency mattered for economic development in Australia. Colonial ties, natural resources, stable institutions, and high incomes all attracted foreign firms.

  • LABOR-TIME: ECOLOGICAL BODIES AND AGRICULTURAL LABOR IN 19TH- AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY EGYPT

  • Jennifer L. Derr
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Middle East Studies / Volume 50 / Issue 2 / May 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 May 2018, pp. 195-212
    Print publication:
    May 2018

  • Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century, Egyptian agriculture began a process of transformation from basin to perennial irrigation. This shift facilitated the practice of year-round agriculture and the cultivation of summer crops including cotton whose temporalities did not match that of the annual Nile flood. One facet of the perennially irrigated landscape was an increase in the prevalence of the parasitic diseases bilharzia (schistosomiasis) and hookworm, the symptoms of which came to constitute normative experiences of the body among those engaged in perennially irrigated agriculture. Male agricultural laborers, who most often performed the work of irrigation, were at the greatest risk of infection. This article considers the significance of agricultural labor in the continuous making and maintenance of perennially irrigated agriculture and the role of parasitic disease in producing temporal experiences of this labor.

  • 2 - Agriculture 1860–1950: land, labour and capital

  • B. R. Tomlinson, University of Strathclyde
  • Book:
    The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    06 May 1993, pp 30-91

  • Summary

    The rural sector, comprising agriculture, and ancillary activities such as animal husbandry, forestry and fishing, was the foundation of the colonial economy. In most parts of the country, the peasant mode of production never fully resolved itself into a class structure based on labour and capital. Rich peasants rarely became rentiers; poor peasants did not often suffer full proletarianisation by losing access to land entirely. The creation of a land market in India in the first half of the nineteenth century was identified by nationalist historians as one of the most drastic effects of colonial rule that acted, especially in north India and Bengal, as a mechanism for transferring control of land out of traditional proprietors into the hands of merchants and moneylenders. For the rural poor the disruption of the rural labour market was probably the most severe direct consequence of the depression in agriculture.

  • 12 - British Central Africa

  • Edited by A. D. Roberts
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Africa
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    24 July 1986, pp 602-648

  • Summary

    At the beginning of the twentieth century the main engine of change in Central Africa was the British South Africa Company, founded by Cecil Rhodes. In 1889 it had received from the British government a charter to exercise powers of administration in the region. The birth of the new economy was associated with the emergence of new forms of racial and social division. For the infant settler communities, racial dominance was as much a matter of economic necessity as of cultural preference. The intensity and persistence of the First World War affected families far from the battle-front. As the price of imported goods became prohibitive, bark cloth replaced mass-produced textiles in many homes and locally smelted hoes reappeared. In the decade before 1923 the main issue of white politics in the Rhodesias was the creation of a new form of government to replace chartered company rule.

  • 5 - Western Africa, 1886–1905

  • Edited by Roland Oliver, G. N. Sanderson
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Africa
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    05 September 1985, pp 257-297

  • Summary

    In the immediate aftermath the European siege lines were strengthened, but the scale of the impending threat to African independence was still not generally predictable. Around 1890, relations between Europe and West Africa changed their character. Modern breach-loading rifles reached West African markets during the 1870s. The British began to recognise that economic inducements and diplomatic suasion might no longer suffice to protect their interests against European intrusion or African assertiveness. Once the French, British and Germans had acquired their new empires, they had to find methods of governing them. By 1905 most colonies could feel optimistic about the prospects for increasing the type of commercial exchanges already established between African agriculturists and the capitalist world. The northern Nigerian system of 'indirect rule' was a response to local circumstances before it became the basis of colonial dogma. The immediate impact of the conquest upon the lives of ordinary Africans varied enormously.