The investigation of the neuroanatomical bases of semantic memory is in its infancy. This chapter describes the Conceptual Structure Account (CSA), a cognitive model developed at the Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain. It presents the results of neuropsychological studies with patients and healthy volunteers that have tested the main claims of this model. The chapter investigates the neural instantiation of the CSA using functional imaging techniques. The CSA generates a number of predictions about the kinds of information and types of processes that will be impaired and spared in patients with category specific semantic impairments. The chapter addresses the studies attempting to tap automatic semantic processing, as untimed tasks or paradigms which elicit controlled processing may emphasize cognitive processes taking place outside the semantic system. Activity associated with the basic-level naming of living compared to nonliving things was centered in the entorhinal cortex medial to the perirhinal cortex.