Children add further complexity by combining two or more clauses. They can link them with coordination or subordination. In subordinate constructions, one clause is embedded in the main or matrix clause. The embedded clause can fill a grammatical role, as subject, say, in complement constructions, or it can modify parts of the main clause, adding to a noun phrase with a relative clause, or to a verb phrase with a temporal clause. These constructions allow for more options in the flow of information as well as in the expression of more complex events. Among the first constructions here are coordinations of different elements in a clause, as well as of different clauses. Among subordinate clause constructions, because, what, when, and so were the most frequent up to 2;9, followed by if, that, and where. They produced relative clauses to specify referents; complements with verbs like think and know. And they produced temporal, causal, and conditional constructions to describe sequences of events. Children treat clause order first as reflecting the actual order of events, only later assigning the appropriate meanings to connectives like before and after. And they take time to master the meanings of because and if.

Most applied QCA, and thus applied SMMR, focus on claims of sufficiency. Some, though, also includes claims of necessity. In this chapter, it is explained how the SMMR principles and practices developed for claims of sufficiency also work for claims of necessity. It starts with the simplest possible, and also most often encountered, form of necessity claims: that of a single condition being necessary for the outcome. After this, disjunctive and then conjunctive necessity claims are discussed. Learning goals: - Understand that only minor adjustments are needed to SMMR types of cases, forms of single-case and comparative designs, principles, formulas, and ranks when the cross-case solution postulates a necessary condition - Consolidate the knowledge of SMMR principles, types of cases, formulas, and ranks - Further practice the use of the smmr() function and the interpretation of its output

This chapter considers the unobtrusive words, the conjunctions, and the grammar of Victorian realist prose, drawing on examples from Elizabeth Gaskell, Margaret Oliphant and Anthony Trollope. The styles of Victorian realist fiction are shown to lodge within their very grammar a psychology of style; they register in the turns and returns of their sentences, in their ‘forms of retardation, inference, and backwards-reappraisal’, thinking and reflection from within the midst of narrated experience.