This chapter outlines the utility of the health action process approach (HAPA), a hybrid social cognition model that aims to describe, explain, and modify health behaviors. The HAPA combines features of stage and continuum social cognition models. The model makes the distinction between motivational and volitional phases involved in the change process. In the motivational phase, outcome expectancies, action self-efficacy, and risk perceptions are constructs that make formation of intentions more likely. In the volitional phase, coping self-efficacy and action and coping planning are important determinants of behavior, with behavioral maintenance determined by recovery self-efficacy and action control. Behavioral intention bridges the motivational and volitional phases, while planning serves to link intentions with behavior. HAPA-based interventions target change in the appropriate components from each phase most likely to move the individual further toward goal attainment. For individuals who are not motivated to change, interventions targeting change in outcome expectancies, action self-efficacy, and, for some behaviors and in some contexts, risk perceptions promote intention formation. For individuals who already hold intentions to change, interventions focusing on changing coping self-efficacy, planning, and action control are most appropriate. Empirical evidence supports the usefulness of the phase-specific approach to changing behavior proposed in the HAPA.

This chapter provides resources and best-practice guidelines for planning interventions that have broad application to behaviors of everyday living. An overview of the theory and context for why planning is important to behavior change with a focus on current evidence is provided. Key definitions and research evidence of various planning concepts and techniques – action and preparatory planning, implementations intentions, and coping planning – are outlined. Subsequently, instructions are provided on how people can formulate effective planning interventions with examples of behaviors from various relevant prosocial, health, academic, and business contexts. Finally, current evidence and theory are provided with guidance on the types of planning interventions that may work in specific contexts and conditions, and on the moderators that may influence the effectiveness of each approach. Each section includes further details that are provided with worked examples of resources to use based on prior research and various modes of delivery (e.g., face-to-face, website, wearable devices).