Here we consider various examples of legal and regulatory responses to avoidable adverse medication events. There are a wide range of poorly interlinked regulatory processes, regardless of the country examined. Some approaches are proactive while others are reactive, serving mostly to provide compensation or to punish those felt responsible. Regulation can assist in promoting medication safety through influence and through compulsion, but what is really required is the whole-hearted engagement of everyone in the organization in the mission of achieving safe, high quality patient care. This goal will require both physician efforts, through professionalism and self regulation, and those of hospital boards of directors, through setting priorities and driving a just culture. While there is a role for the civil law (compensation for injured and in some degree of declarative retribution), litigation is likely to most effective when it is directed against institutions. The best approaches are based on “full disclosure and rapid compensation” practices. Criminal action in the regulation of safe medication practices in the perioperative period should be reserved for when recklessness is involved or where deliberate malfeasance is a factor.

Even though the three different judgments rendered in Kyoto Korean Elementary School – one criminal, by Kyoto District Criminal Court, and two civil, by Kyoto District Court and the Osaka High Court – are generally all perceived to be responses to the hate speech demonstrations that targeted the school, there is a significant difference between the three. This comparative analysis of the three judicial rulings offers important insights into how best victimization might be addressed through judicial responses. The reaction of the teachers and parents of the school exposes the limitations of a punitive approach in terms of restoring the trust of a victims in a majority Japanese community and a sense of inclusion within that community. While relationships are built over generations by shared understanding of the history of the minority Zainichi ethnic group in Japan, the punitive approach acts as a barrier to that understanding, undermining the trust so built. This chapter therefore suggests that the compensatory approach in tort, in line with the position of the Japanese Supreme Court, is likely to be more effective in remedying damage and restoring trust.

This chapter examines how institutional responses to extremist right-wing parties affect their local organizational development. Institutional responses to extremism are usually subsumed in scholarly analyses of how democratic states use “militant democracy” to deal with actors threatening their democratic foundations. The first section of this chapter reviews this work to generate expectations about the effects of militant democracy policies on the organizational development of political parties. Whereas scholarly work on militant democracy tends to focus on outright bans of political parties by judicial authorities, this book adopts a broader definition to include a wider range of institutional responses and to examine how these responses affect central party organizations and then trickle down to party subunits. The second section examines the responses of the Greek state to the Golden Dawn (GD). It naturally focuses on the years before and after the arrest and criminal prosecution of the party leadership in 2013. Going beyond this judicial process, it also examines the varying responses of other institutional actors – police and municipal authorities – to the GD. The third section examines how state intervention affected the local organizational development of the GD.