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4 results

  • 12 - Classification

  • William W. Hsieh, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book:
    Introduction to Environmental Data Science
    Published online:
    23 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023, pp 418-439

  • Summary

    Under supervised learning, when the output variable is discrete or categorical instead of continuous, one has a classification problem instead of a regression problem. Several classification methods are covered: linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, naive Bayes classifier, K-nearest neighbours, extreme learning machine classifier and multi-layer perceptron classifier. In classification, the cross-entropy objective function is often used in place of the mean squared error function.

  • U.S. Dairy Farm Transition and Exits, 1987–2017

  • Miyeon Son, Jessica Richard, Dayton M. Lambert
  • Journal:
    Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics / Volume 54 / Issue 2 / May 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 March 2022, pp. 242-261
    • Article
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  • This analysis examines aggregate structural changes in the United States dairy industry, 1987–2017. We estimate the likelihood of operation changes in herd size, entry, or exits for each of the lower 48 states using a semiparametric Markov process model. Small- and medium-sized dairy longevity correlates with higher dairy margins and productivity improvements. An increase in consumer expenditures on dairy products is associated with smaller operation exits. Industry dynamics exhibit a persistent trend toward consolidation in most states. The exit probability for each state and all size classes has increased significantly for most states since 2002.