This chapter focuses on one of the factors driving population change: fertility. Firstly, current trends in fertility are outlined, followed by a brief discussion of the various indicators used to measure fertility. Secondly, the determinants and drivers of fertility are explored, after which several implications of these drivers for the future are examined. Finally, the chapter concludes with some speculative remarks on possible future trends in fertility and their potential impact. Contraception has provided couples, and women in particular, with the freedom to choose when not to have children, and the mass introduction of the oral contraceptive pill had an unprecedented demographic and societal impact in the 20th century. The impact of a second reproductive revolution in the 21st century may be of similar magnitude. As low fertility, population ageing and migration are currently at the top of European political agendas, governments will continue to be challenged by demographic developments.