Discusses how the American patent system, once the best in the world, was corrupted by big technology companies and unwise court decisions.

Efficient infringement is when firms opt to “infringe now, pay later,” rather than accepting ex ante a license to use a patented technology. This behavior is particularly attractive when the infringer believes that, even if it is found to have infringed a valid patent, it will not be enjoined from continued infringement. At worst, absent injunctive relief, the infringer will need only pay damages for past infringement, approximating what it would have paid if it had licensed the technology ex ante, and then a royalty rate for future infringement. Essentially, the infringer is in no worse a position that it would be had it accepted a license and may even be in an improved position if the royalty rate set by a court is lower than it could have obtained via negotiation.

Efficient infringement is of particular concern in the standards essential patent (SEP) space because injunctive relief is generally unavailable to SEP owners. This chapter explains that courts are unlikely to grant requests for permanent injunctions and SEP owners are unlikely to even seek injunctive relief, setting up the necessary condition for efficient infringement to flourish. Unsurprisingly, there is evidence that infringers are selecting to “infringe now, pay later” when it comes to SEPs and this chapter sets out the case why this is problematic for a well-functioning innovation system.