Chapter 3 identifies the numerous strategies the contemporary liberal states have pursued to navigate the cross-pressures engendered by the migration trilemma during the post-Cold War period, and especially since September 11th. Contesting scholarly claims that the liberal states cannot avert unwanted immigration, its main argument is that they have considerably reconciled the tensions inherent in the trilemma by enlisting and coopting non-central state actors at the intersection of human mobility and security. Specifically, they have forged bilateral and multilateral policy agreements and devolved many of their responsibilities for implementing immigration and human mobility policy to international, subnational and private sector actors. In pursuing this multifaceted course, the immigration policies of states have converged, and their burdens in managing their immigration-related responsibilities have been partially alleviated. But in doing so, the liberal norms inspiring their once steadfast commitments to maintaining relatively open borders and safeguarding citizen and immigrant rights have been compromised.

Chapter 5 inquires how the rainforests of Ecuador turned into a profoundly contaminated landscape between the 1970s and 1990s. Recurrent oil spills, discharges of toxic water into rivers, the burning of crude oil and of natural gas, and the use of simple earthen waste pits all contributed to a toxic metamorphosis of the Amazon region. An analysis of Texaco’s internal communication about environmental contamination from 1972 to 1980 gives insights into the intentionality of the company’s handling of hazardous waste. The toxic metamorphosis was the result of practices of externalization in the production and disposal of hazardous waste in the Ecuadorean oil industry. This chapter develops the concept of the toxic ghost acre as a mechanism of the externalization of costs onto the environment and the public health of local populations. The notion of toxic ghost acreage is useful to uncover the transnational and socio-ecological dynamics that turned the Amazon into a cheap sink for hazardous waste. The chapter ends by shedding light on the perpetuation of the toxic ghost acres in Ecuador through Texaco’s insufficient remediation programs in the 1990s.

One of the most important things we do with writing is to use it as a means of giving expression to our experience. Through writing, our thoughts, our feelings and our imagination are given material form. They can be shared with others, or returned to at a later date. Not only can we clarify our thinking through writing but we can also use it to build complex arguments, to construct elaborate theories as well as to develop fictional worlds that are enriching, entertaining and help us to understand our world better. And because writing acts as an extension of memory, ideas, themes and descriptions can be aggregated in order to propel a complex argument or develop a sustained narrative, and these can be returned to time and again. Writing also opens up worlds of experience that are both similar and different to the ones we are familiar with and this chapter argues that writing is important simply because building and sharing understanding is so important to us. Our capacity to inform each other, to reflect on what we do and how we act, and to pool what we know is one of the most useful technologies at our disposal.

Agitation and aggression are common behavioral manifestations in patients with PWS. This chapter reviews how to recognize possible triggers and psychological mechanisms behind them. Caregivers are made aware of operant conditioning and the stages of moral development. Additionally the role of externalization is described. The underlying cause of the agitation can vary from person to person and similarly the management strategy differs considerably. The importance of ensuring the safety of the patient and others is emphasized. Behavioral management techniques can be very effective when started at an early age. Medications are effective options to supplement behavioral strategies as long as they are prescribed under the close monitoring of a medical provider. Finally, remember that most patients with PWS do not have malicious intent when they are exhibiting aggression. Their aggression is rooted in poor impulse control and hence is reactive in nature. Their aggression should be treated as a symptom rather than an inherent character flaw.

This chapter reviews collaborative argumentation, where a community of learners works together to advance the collective state of knowledge through debate, engagement, and dialogue. Engagement in collaborative argumentation can help students learn to think critically and independently about important issues and contested values. Students must externalize their ideas and metacognitively reflect on their developing understandings. This chapter summarizes the history of argumentation theory; how arguing can contribute to learning through making knowledge explicit, conceptual change, collaboration, and reasoning skills; how argumentation skill develops in childhood; and how argumentation varies in different cultural and social contexts. The chapter concludes by describing a variety of tools that scaffold effective argumentation, including through computer-mediated communication forums and argumentation maps.