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  • SUSTENANCE AND STRIFE. STANDARDS OF LIVING AND FAMILY VULNERABILITY DURING SPAIN'S INDUSTRIALISATION. THE BILBAO ESTUARY, 1914-1935

  • Stefan Houpt, Juan Carlos Rojo Cagigal
  • Journal:
    Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History / Volume 41 / Issue 2 / September 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 November 2022, pp. 273-304
    Print publication:
    September 2023
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  • Did industrialisation improve standards of living in interwar industrial Spain? We seek to contrast this empirically with high frequency data from 1914 until 1936 for the Bilbao area, an emerging industrial centre. Contrary to existing historiography suggesting that overall standards of living improved, we find that welfare ratios remained at the same level and, at times, fluctuated significantly below sustenance levels. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were highly responsive to short-term real wage shocks driven by food price increases and the delay in nominal wage increases. Interwar industrialisation provided improvements, but did not provide protection from recurring deprivations and these may have constituted an important part of future political and socioeconomic polarisation and violence.