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Most renewable energy sources depend on the sun and so vary with time and ambient conditions. Hence a consistent supply of renewable energy requires energy storage. The main approaches to storing renewable energy are described and quantified. Pumped hydro, compressed air and flywheels are discussed. Storing heat in the fabric of buildings and hot water using sensible heat are described. The increasing importance of phase change materials to store energy through latent heat is recognized. Battery technology is developing very fast; the principles of lithium-ion batteries are explained, together with their advantages and disadvantages. The various materials currently used for the positive electrode are listed. The electrochemistry of various battery technologies is summarized as well as how a large number of cells are connected to form are a useful store of energy. The principle of flow batteries is demonstrated and approaches to the estimation of the lifetime of a lithium-ion battery discussed. The chapter is supported by 10 examples, 16 questions with answers and full solutions in the accompanying online material. Further reading and online resources are identified.
The viability of electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP) architectures, from small urban air mobility vehicles to large single-aisle transport aircraft, depends almost exclusively on their energy storage requirements. Because energy storage increases with specific energy and power density, these metrics strongly influence the adoption of EAP architectures. This chapter provides an overview of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems for EAP, including batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and multifunctional structures with energy storage capability. An overview of today’s state-of-the-art battery technology and related EAP concepts is followed by a review of energy storage requirements for various classes of electrified aircraft. Recent battery technology advances are then reviewed along with their applicability and limitations for expanding the electrified aircraft market. Alternative electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems (e.g., fuel cells, flow batteries, supercapacitors, etc.) are also addressed. The chapter concludes with a review of multifunctional structures with energy storage capability and their potential application to EAP.
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