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3 results

  • General v. specific vulnerabilities: polygenic risk scores and higher-order psychopathology dimensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

  • Monika A. Waszczuk, Jiaju Miao, Anna R. Docherty, Andrey A. Shabalin, Katherine G. Jonas, Giorgia Michelini, Roman Kotov
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 5 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 September 2021, pp. 1937-1946
    • Article
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  • Background

    Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) capture genetic vulnerability to psychiatric conditions. However, PRSs are often associated with multiple mental health problems in children, complicating their use in research and clinical practice. The current study is the first to systematically test which PRSs associate broadly with all forms of childhood psychopathology, and which PRSs are more specific to one or a handful of forms of psychopathology.

    Methods

    The sample consisted of 4717 unrelated children (mean age = 9.92, s.d. = 0.62; 47.1% female; all European ancestry). Psychopathology was conceptualized hierarchically as empirically derived general factor (p-factor) and five specific factors: externalizing, internalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatoform, and detachment. Partial correlations explored associations between psychopathology factors and 22 psychopathology-related PRSs. Regressions tested which level of the psychopathology hierarchy was most strongly associated with each PRS.

    Results

    Thirteen PRSs were significantly associated with the general factor, most prominently Chronic Multisite Pain-PRS (r = 0.098), ADHD-PRS (r = 0.079), and Depression-PRS (r = 0.078). After adjusting for the general factor, Depression-PRS, Neuroticism-PRS, PTSD-PRS, Insomnia-PRS, Chronic Back Pain-PRS, and Autism-PRS were not associated with lower order factors. Conversely, several externalizing PRSs, including Adventurousness-PRS and Disinhibition-PRS, remained associated with the externalizing factor (|r| = 0.040–0.058). The ADHD-PRS remained uniquely associated with the neurodevelopmental factor (r = 062).

    Conclusions

    PRSs developed to predict vulnerability to emotional difficulties and chronic pain generally captured genetic risk for all forms of childhood psychopathology. PRSs developed to predict vulnerability to externalizing difficulties, e.g. disinhibition, tended to be more specific in predicting behavioral problems. The results may inform translation of existing PRSs to pediatric research and future clinical practice.

  • 12 - The Last War Baby

  • Edited by Richard E. Tremblay, Université de Montréal
  • Book:
    The Science of Violent Behavior Development and Prevention
    Published online:
    28 January 2021
    Print publication:
    18 February 2021, pp 299-323

  • Summary

    Benjamin B. Lahey was born in 1945 in the United States. He is the Irving B. Harris Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago and was President of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. He received the U.S. National Academy of Neuropsychology research prize for his work on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. He first conducted research on the effectiveness of behavior therapy with school children. He then created a reliable and valid assessment of psychological problems for large samples of children. He directed the American Psychiatric Association field trials on disruptive behavior disorders in children. With Rolf Loeber, he also created a longitudinal study of clinic-referred prepubertal boys with problems of hyperactivity and serious conduct problems: The Developmental Trends Study. He also created a large cohort of twins to study the genetic and environmental contributions to conduct disorder. Results led him and his colleagues to propose a hierarchical causal model of psychological problems in which he hypothesized a general factor of psychopathology that plays a central role. The key idea is that the causes and mechanisms of each dimension of psychological problems cannot be studied and understood separately; they are far too intertwined.

  • Infant temperament prospectively predicts general psychopathology in childhood

  • Santiago Morales, Alva Tang, Maureen E. Bowers, Natalie V. Miller, George A. Buzzell, Elizabeth Smith, Kaylee Seddio, Heather A. Henderson, Nathan A. Fox
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology / Volume 34 / Issue 3 / August 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 January 2021, pp. 774-783

  • Recent models of psychopathology suggest the presence of a general factor capturing the shared variance among all symptoms along with specific psychopathology factors (e.g., internalizing and externalizing). However, few studies have examined predictors that may serve as transdiagnostic risk factors for general psychopathology from early development. In the current study we examine, for the first time, whether observed and parent-reported infant temperament dimensions prospectively predict general psychopathology as well as specific psychopathology dimensions (e.g., internalizing and externalizing) across childhood. In a longitudinal cohort (N = 291), temperament dimensions were assessed at 4 months of age. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed at 7, 9, and 12 years of age. A bifactor model was used to estimate general, internalizing, and externalizing psychopathology factors. Across behavioral observations and parent-reports, higher motor activity in infancy significantly predicted greater general psychopathology in mid to late childhood. Moreover, low positive affect was predictive of the internalizing-specific factor. Other temperament dimensions were not related with any of the psychopathology factors after accounting for the general psychopathology factor. The results of this study suggest that infant motor activity may act as an early indicator of transdiagnostic risk. Our findings inform the etiology of general psychopathology and have implications for the early identification for children at risk for psychopathology.