This chapter outlines the prenatal imaging and clinical diagnoses of neonatal and pediatric tumors. It discusses the antenatal natural history, and reviews available treatment options during the pre- and postnatal period for fetuses with prenatally diagnosed tumors. The differential diagnosis of a prenatally diagnosed intracranial tumor includes teratoma, which make up the majority of lesions, hemangioma and papilloma. Prenatal ultrasonography and fetal MRI are useful in evaluating and determining the etiology of the intracranial tumor. The surgical approach to bronchopulmonary sequestrations (BPS) is straightforward, with a muscle sparing thoracotomy or thoracoscopic approach for chest lesions and laparotomy or laparoscopy for subdiaphragmatic BPS, with particular attention to first controlling the anomalous blood supply in all cases. The most common primary hepatic tumor is hemangioma, followed by mesenchymal hamartoma, and hepatoblastoma. The differential diagnosis of mesoblastic nephroma includes hydronephrosis and multicystic dysplastic kidney, focal renal dysplasia, and diffuse nephroblastomatosis and nephroblastoma.

Computed tomography (CT) scanning has widely become the diagnostic test of choice for patients presenting with abdominal or pelvic pain and for the stable trauma patient to evaluate for intra abdominal injury. Due to the limitations of plain radiographs, CT scanning is also being increasingly used in cases of bowel obstruction to help delineate the location, severity, and underlying cause of the obstruction. First-generation, single-slice CT scanners have almost been completely replaced with multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners. The faster acquisition of images has reduced motion artifact because the entire abdomen can be scanned on a single breathhold. Conditions in the right upper quadrant that can be easily diagnosed by CT are pancreatitis, ascending cholangitis, perforated hollow viscus, and hepatic tumor or abscess. A major disadvantage of MDCT is the massive amount of data that are generated during image acquisition. This makes efficient transfer of image data to hard copies challenging.