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hybrid presidential-parliamentary system

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6 - Patronage in Mongolia
from Part II - Two-Party/Multi-Party Systems
- By Oyunsuren Damdinsuren, Julian Dierkes, Byambakhand Luguusharav
Edited by B. Guy Peters, University of Pittsburgh, Colin Knox, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan, Byeong Seob Kim, Seoul National University
Book:

Political Patronage in Asian Bureaucracies

Published online:

05 October 2023

Print publication:

19 October 2023, pp 121-153
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Summary

Following Peters’ typology, we describe patronage appointments in Mongolia as political agents. We trace the development of Mongolia’s civil service from ancient into contemporary times. We emphasize the importance of political factions within the two dominant parties and the lack of a programmatic focus of the parties as the basis for the important role that patronage plays in the Mongolian hybrid presidential-parliamentary political system. We use patronage appointments in the diplomatic service as a case study of practices. Since factions within the two dominant parties are defined by personal ties rather than ideological orientation, we conclude that patronage appointments primarily act as political agents of these factions.