The golden spice turmeric with its main bioactive component curcumin is one of the most popular and extensively studied nutraceuticals. Despite numerous pre-clinical studies reporting positive pharmacodynamics of turmeric extracts and curcumin, the main issues in translating the pharmacological effects to clinical efficacy have been to overcome its poor pharmacokinetics and to deliver significant amounts of the biologically relevant forms of the actives to various tissues. This review is aimed at providing a first critical evaluation of the current published literature with the novel curcumagalactomannoside (CGM) formulation of curcumin using fenugreek galactomannan dietary fibre, specifically designed to address curcumin poor pharmacokinetics. We describe CGM and its technology as a food-grade formulation to deliver ‘free’ unconjugated curcuminoids with enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The therapeutic relevance of improving bioavailability of ‘free’ curcuminoids and some of the technical challenges in the measurement of the ‘free’ form of curcuminoids in plasma and tissues are also discussed. A total of twenty-six manuscripts are reviewed here, including fourteen pre-clinical and twelve clinical studies that have investigated CGM pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in various animal models and human conditions. Overall current scientific evidence suggests CGM formulation has improved bioavailability and tissue distribution of the biologically relevant unconjugated forms of turmeric actives called ‘free’ curcuminoids that may be responsible for the superior clinical outcomes reported with CGM treatments in comparison with unformulated standard curcumin across multiple studies.

Integrating LiMn2O4(LMO) and different carbon materials to build a mixed cathode system can provide fast transport channels to improve the conduction of both electrons and ions. In this paper, our work studied in situ low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of LMO nanocomposites based on graphene oxide (GO)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hydrogel. Compared with the pure LMO nanoparticles, GO/CNTs/LMO (GCLMO) composites greatly improved electrochemical performance in specific capacity, cycle performance and rate ability. The electrochemical test results showed that the specific capacitance of GCLMO nanocomposites reached 396 F/g at the current density of 0.5 A/g, which was much higher than 221 F/g of pure LMO. Even at the current density of 10 A/g, the specific capacitance was still as high as 309 F/g. Besides, after 2000 cycles, the specific capacitance retention of the composite was 93%. Electrochemical data showed that GCLMO composite is an ideal cathode material for supercapacitors.

Biological hydrogel is important in drug delivery system and tissue engineering. In this paper, we prepared a series of biological hydrogels with N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) and oxidized safflower and ligusticum wallichii polysaccharide-II (oxidized SLWP-II). Morphological analysis indicated the N,O-carboxymethyl CS/oxidized SLWP-II hydrogels (CSLHs) had porous interior structures, pore diameter ranged from tens to hundreds of micrometers. In vitro release test showed, with proportion of N,O-carboxymethyl CS to oxidized SLWP increasing from 1:1 to 1:3, cumulative release of bovine serum albumin decreased from 99 to 82%. In vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the developed hydrogels were not cytotoxic during one week of culturing with WI-38 cells, and they have a role in promoting cell proliferation. So the N,O-carboxymethyl CS/oxidized safflower and ligusticum wallichii polysaccharide-II hydrogels might have potential application in the drug delivery system and tissue engineering.

A free standing 2D PS colloidal crystal with Au nanoshells/hydrogel composite film (CAuHCF) was fabricated by embedding a 2D PS colloidal crystal with Au nanoshells into a polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel film. This CAuHCF can act as a visualized sensor with high diffraction intensity. The 2D PS colloidal crystal with Au nanoshells was prepared by depositing an Au layer on PS colloidal crystal obtained by interfacial self-assembly. The diffraction intensity of the CAuHCF was increased by about 30-fold than that of traditional 2D PS colloidal crystal/hydrogel composite film on transparent substrate due to large scattering cross section of Au shell. Such sensors based Au nanoshells array with the simple preparation process and the strong diffraction signal are promising ones for practical applications in visual detection. Additionally, with the simple preparation process and high diffraction intensity, other visualized sensors based different hydrogel matrix and the 2D PS colloidal crystal with Au nanoshells could be synthesized for monitoring various analysts.

In recent years, biomaterial investigators have increasingly focused their research on hydrogels and their capability to be fabricated into tissue engineering scaffolds. Although several fabrication methods have been used to produce hydrogel scaffolds, those methods are unable to routinely produce three-dimensional submicron and nanoscale scaffolds with precise control of the geometry, a crucial factor necessitated by the recent developments in the field of tissue engineering. Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization is a promising technique that fulfills these requirements. In our work, we used a femtosecond laser to fabricate three-dimensional submicron-scale scaffolds with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The modulus, dimensions, and shape of the scaffold can be readily adjusted by changing both the laser parameters and the molecular weight of the PEG prepolymer. With the femtosecond laser, we also fabricated two-dimensional topographical patterns, which have important applications in basic biological research. To improve the throughput of femtosecond laser fabrication, we integrated the femtosecond direct-write process with a nano-imprint process by which the femtosecond laser is used to produce nano-patterned molds. We then carried out nanoimprinting to transfer the nanofeatures in the mold to the hydrogel in a massively parallel fashion.

Elastin-mimetic block copolymers were produced by genetic engineering. Genetically driven synthesis permitted control of the final physiochemical characteristics of the block copolymers. We designed BB and BAB block copolymers in which the A-block was hydrophilic and the B-block was hydrophobic. By designing the copolymers in this manner, it was proposed that they would self-assemble into micellar aggregates that, at high concentration, would form thermoreversible hydrogels. To analyze the three-dimensional fine surface morphology of the copolymers, to the resolution level of a few nanometers, we employed cryo-HRSEM. This method provided vast expanses of the specimen in its frozen hydrated state for survey. In our initial cryo-HRSEM studies, we observed the protein filaments and micelles surrounded by lakes of vitreous ice. Upon examination at low and intermediate magnifications, there was an extensive honeycomb-like filamentous network. To delineate the fine morphology of the hydrogel network at high magnification and to greater depths, we cryoetched away unbound water from the sample surface, in high vacuum, prior to chromium deposition. By using this technique, we were able to visualize for characterization purposes the fine fibril networks formed from the micellar aggregates over the surface of the hydrogel.