Chapter 5, “The Multiplier Effect,” analyzes the ways in which verbal medicines are combined to effect healing or restore property. The various and multiple utterances individual charms like Lacnunga xxix perform can be ascribed to a programmatic approach to remedy. Combination therapy relies on an agglutinative process whereby separate utterances complement one another. The resulting amalgamation is more than the sum of its parts, however, and may be attributed to the multiplier effect. Charms combine verbal medicines in order to pursue every means of supplication available to God’s people: prayer to God, prayer for saints to intervene with God on the supplicant’s behalf, and liturgical prayer through the healing ministry of the Church.

The Introduction begins by quoting a lengthy charm from Lacnunga and asks if there is rhyme and reason for its many formulas. It answers that question by establishing that comprehensive verbal strategies operate in early English charms. These take the form of unified sets of incantations that comprise the four verbal medicines identified in the book. Two involve the invocation of liturgy, a notion introduced here. The preface places folk tradition within the context of popular Christianity and considers charms as practical remedies for disease. Charm efficacy may be attributed to word-power, the skill of healers, prayer, and supplication. After examining Anglo-Saxon theories of disease the preface surveys what we know about medical practitioners at the time. It defines terminology, presents the corpus of charms, and summarizes methodology. Finally, it describes the performance-based analytical framework that will be used for the study of charms’ oral performance.