I build upon the earlier discussion – in Chapter 3 – of internal forms of social "tiering" and exclusion to further interrogate the politics of belonging in Gulf monarchies, this time through the employment of foreign labor. I disentangle the ways in which foreign labor plays a role in the shaping and consolidation of the national community, and I distinguish among European "expats," non-GCC Arabs, Asian and African laborers. I argue that labor from the three different categories play similar but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: While they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the "nation" and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and "the other(s)." Additionally, I examine some of the peculiarities of the importation, organization and incorporation of foreign labor, connect them to the normative tradition, and consider how they serve the ruler’s objective to manage and control society.

Drawing on interviews with a range of individuals with migratory histories, this chapter investigates why families choose to bury their loved ones locally or to reptriate to countries of origin, analyzing the significance that they attribute to these choices. While local burial laws and the limited availability of Islamic cemeteries impact the feasibility of performing religiously appropriate funerary rites, this chapter argues that family ties, ideas about the meaning of national soils, and feelings of social inclusion or exclusion play a larger role in determining burial outcomes and their social significance.