This study examines the effect of cereal and livestock production-induced greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) across high-, middle- and low-income countries from 2002 to 2016. A structural equation formulated within an environmental modeling framework is tested using the balanced panel-corrected standard errors estimation procedure. The findings showed that total food production is strongly correlated with methane and nitrous oxide in high-income countries and nitrous oxide emissions in middle-income countries. After disaggregating total food production into cereal and livestock production, the findings revealed that cereal production is positively and statistically significantly correlated with nitrous oxide emissions in high- and middle-income countries. The findings also confirmed that livestock production is positively and statistically significantly correlated with methane and nitrous oxide emissions in high-income countries. Incomes, industrial expansion, forest cover and education are other strong common determinants of GHGs in all three income categories of countries. The prime policy implication of this finding is the need for the food producers to transit toward environmentally cleaner and sustainable food production systems that mitigate GHGs and improve environmental performance and comply with the broader objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 12, 13 and 15 (United Nations, 2015a, p. 3) relating to sustainable production, climate action and life on land, respectively.

A minority of older people who move into long-term institutional care are married and have spouses who continue living in the community. The financial complexities and consequences for a couple in this situation deserve to be more widely recognised. Data from the Family Expenditure Survey on the incomes of older married couples are used to examine the financial implications for couples of one spouse entering residential or nursing home care, taking into account local authority procedures for assessing residents' contributions to charges and Income Support rules as they apply to both spouses. We look in particular at the consequences of alternative ways couples might share their incomes, and alternative treatments of such sharing by local authorities and the Department of Social Security. We demonstrate that wives remaining at home are more likely to have low incomes and have recourse to means-tested state benefits if their husbands enter residential care than husbands who remain at home when their wives enter care. Local authorities are likely to be able to require larger contributions to their care costs from husbands than wives. On average, wives whose husbands enter residential care are best off financially when their combined income and savings are shared equally, but this leaves husbands with the least money to contribute to their care costs. If it is the wife who enters care the situation is reversed.