In this paper, we explore whether perceptual adjustments for gender are equally strong for Japanese- and English-speaking listeners' categorization of the sibilant fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ in CV sequences. These stimuli were created by combining a set of eight fricatives with a set of natural vocalic bases produced by a variety of men. We hypothesized that Japanese listeners' categorization would be more-strongly influenced by gender typicality, given the overall heightened attention to gendered speech features in Japanese speakers (Van Bezooijen, 1995), and the greater role that vocalic features play in fricative categorization in Japanese compared to English (Li, Edwards, & Beckman, 2009; Li, Munson, Yoneyama, Edwards, & Hall, 2011). Some evidence is found that Japanese listeners' categorization of fricatives is influenced more heavily on the gender typicality of men's voices in the vocalic portion of the stimulus than is English listeners, but the effects are neither consistent, nor in the direction predicted by previous research. Results point to the need for more research on how talker attributes affect the way that L2 listeners perceive L1 speech.

Chapter 4, “The Conditions of Self-Reference”, examines two ways in which one can conceptually represent oneself in judgements, in light of the results of the Paralogisms (in the Transcendental Dialectic of the first Critique). The logical “I” defines the way in which any thinking subject must represent itself in thought, and hence its logical predicates are conditions of I-judgements in general. The psychological “I” is used to represent oneself in empirical I-judgements, viz. inner experience, and under the temporal conditions of perception (which were derived in Chapter 2). Yet a close reading of the Paralogism of Personal Identity, and other passages, reveals that the principle of persistence cannot be applied in inner experience. The category of substance, therefore, requires a different kind of sensible explication to capture the trans-temporal unity of persons.