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2 results

  • Chapter 3 - Expression of Sleep across the Human Lifespan

  • from Part I - Sleep
  • Patrick McNamara, Boston University
  • Book:
    The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
    Published online:
    15 February 2019
    Print publication:
    28 February 2019, pp 40-59

  • Summary

    The time it takes to fall asleep (latency) declines until midlife and then remains about the same into old age. Time spent awake after initial sleep onset (WASO) declines across the lifespan but its proportion of total sleep period increases. That is, people tend to have a greater number of awakenings as they age. REM percentages decline with age but the proportion of total sleep spent in REM remains about the same. The same is the case with N2 stage light sleep and N1 transitional sleep; these proportions remain about the same or slightly increase as people age. Finally, N3 slow wave sleep undergoes a steady decline with age until it almost completely disappears in old age. Throughout the lifespan sleep evidences intimate and possibly bidirectional causal associations with socio-emotional attachment processes between child and parent during the developmental phase and then between sexual/romantic and close friends during the adult phase. These relationships between sleep processes and attachment processes once more underline the social nature of sleep.

  • Maternal neglect and the serotonin system are associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys

  • Alexander Baxter, Elizabeth K. Wood, Christina S. Barr, Daniel B. Kay, Stephen J. Suomi, J. Dee Higley
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology / Volume 32 / Issue 1 / February 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 February 2019, pp. 1-10

  • Environmental and biological factors contribute to sleep development during infancy. Parenting plays a particularly important role in modulating infant sleep, potentially via the serotonin system, which is itself involved in regulating infant sleep. We hypothesized that maternal neglect and serotonin system dysregulation would be associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys. Subjects were nursery-reared infant rhesus macaques (n = 287). During the first month of life, daytime sleep-wake states were rated bihourly (0800–2100). Infants were considered neglected (n = 16) if before nursery-rearing, their mother repeatedly failed to retrieve them. Serotonin transporter genotype and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were used as markers of central serotonin system functioning. t tests showed that neglected infants were observed sleeping less frequently, weighed less, and had higher 5-HIAA than non-neglected nursery-reared infants. Regression revealed that serotonin transporter genotype moderated the relationship between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep: in subjects possessing the Ls genotype, there was a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep, whereas in subjects possessing the LL genotype there was no association. These results highlight the pivotal roles that parents and the serotonin system play in sleep development. Daytime sleep alterations observed in neglected infants may partially derive from serotonin system dysregulation.