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2 results

  • 7 - Brokering Inclusion

  • from Part II - Inclusion and Partisan Representation
  • Edited by Diana Kapiszewski, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Deborah J. Yashar, Princeton University, New Jersey
  • Book:
    The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies
    Published online:
    12 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 219-253

  • Summary

    The growth of economic informality, the transformation of left party-union linkages, and the rise of political decentralization in Latin America have all empowered local “brokers" who are linked to national political parties but also substantially autonomous and often opportunistic. The leaders of left parties in the region – even parties that are externally mobilized or that advance programmatic platforms promoting greater inclusion of popular sectors – have often needed to negotiate with such actors to secure power and implement policies. In this chapter, we consider the resources that intermediaries offer to parties but also the challenges that broker-mediated incorporation poses for left parties. We then use new evidence from Brazil – n particular, from the experience of the externally mobilized, programmatic Workers’ Party (PT) – to show the necessity but also the fragility of alliances with such actors. We assess possible implications of the reliance on brokers for the sustainability of the “inclusionary turn" in Latin America.

  • How Party Systems Shape Local–National Gender Gaps

  • Jessica Fortin-Rittberger, Christina Eder, Corinna Kroeber, Vanessa Marent
  • Journal:
    Government and Opposition / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / January 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 December 2017, pp. 52-74
    Print publication:
    January 2019
    • Article
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  • Women’s representation is highest in local assemblies in some countries, while others display the largest share of female office-holders at the national level. Drawing on a new data set mapping the representation of women at all four levels of government in Germany during the 2000s, we argue that differences in party system configurations across echelons explain these distinct patterns and provide evidence for this claim. We show that left-wing parties, the main source of female office-holders, perform better at higher echelons, while minor parties and independent representatives, which favour male candidacy, win more seats at the lowest levels of government.