Quintiliano Saldaña Garcia-Rubio (1878–1938) was a leading proponent of legal pragmatism in European criminal law circles in the interwar period. The first part of this chapter surveys his formative years and his early academic professional development, examining the influence of Franz von Liszt’s Marburg School of Criminal Law on his academic interests and early professional career. The second examines Saldaña’s seminal theory of ‘universal social defence’ and his 1925 Hague Academy course which included one of the first projects for an international criminal code, and reviews Saldaña’s legislative contribution to the 1928 Spanish Criminal Code project, an example of a proto-fascist criminal code. The third follows Saldaña’s career during the Second Spanish Republic, his criminal law and criminology work in the development of his theory of ‘legal pragmatism’, and revisits his engagement with the mid-1930s international legal debates on terrorism in the framework of the International Bureau for the Unification of Criminal Law. The conclusion revisits the mysterious circumstances of Saldaña’s death during the Spanish Civil War and the dark legacy of his legal thought on the criminal law system of General Franco’s regime.

This chapter describes Holmes's two great scholarly works: the twelfth edition of Kent’s Commentaries and The Common Law. Both books entailed a prodigious amount of legal research into the history of the common law. Both were written at a time when the law was rapidly changing to accommodate the increased commercialization and industrialization in the last half of the nineteenth century. Many men – most notably Christopher Columbus Langdell – were proposing new theories of common law decision-making, but Holmes was unique in his historical approach. This chapter explains Holmes’s approach and addresses some of the misunderstandings and criticisms it has generated.