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2 results

  • 11 - Conclusion: Policy Implications and Future of the Maoist Conflict

  • from Part III - Generalizability
  • Shivaji Mukherjee, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    Colonial Institutions and Civil War
    Published online:
    15 May 2021
    Print publication:
    03 June 2021, pp 349-362

  • Summary

    The book ends by asking if there are any policy implications of my theory based on colonial institutions. A likely criticism of my theory is that the structural conditions created by colonialism are persistent and sticky and cannot be changed by the government. I show there are policy implications, for example, if political parties are really committed to land reforms as in Kerala and Karnataka, they can reverse some of the pernicious effects of indirect rule and indirect land tenure. Another possible critique of my theory is whether it can explain recent violence patterns of the Maoist conflict. The level of Maoist violence has declined since 2013-14, and the number of surrenders by Maoist cadres has increased in recent years, but low-level violence and attacks against security forces continue. The Maoist insurgency falls into the pattern of low-intensity but persistent insurgencies like the Kashmir and northeast insurgencies in India. While my theory based on colonial legacies is supposed to explain only the initial spatial variation of insurgency, and not its expansion and patterns of violence, it allows us to explain persistence and historical recurrence of conflict.

  • Effects of prone position on alveolar dead space and gas exchange during general anaesthesia in surgery of long duration

  • M. Soro, M. L. García-Pérez, F. J. Belda, R. Ferrandis, G. Aguilar, G. Tusman, F. Gramuntell
  • Journal:
    European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / May 2007
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 May 2007, pp. 431-437
    Print publication:
    May 2007
  • Background and objective

    We investigated the effects of prone position on respiratory dead space and gas exchange in 14 anaesthetized healthy patients undergoing elective posterior spinal surgery of more than 3 h of duration.

    Methods

    The patients received a total intravenous anaesthetic with propofol/remifentanil/cisatracurium. They were ventilated at a tidal volume of 8–10 mL kg−1, zero positive end-expiratory pressure and an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.4. Physiological, airway and alveolar dead spaces were calculated by analysis of the volumetric capnography waveform. Measurements were made in supine position (20 min after the beginning of mechanical ventilation) and 30, 120 and 180 min after turning to prone position.

    Results

    We found that the alveolar dead space/tidal volume ratio did not change. PaO2/FiO2 increased, although not statistically significantly. Dynamic compliance was reduced due to a reduction in tidal volume and an increase in plateau pressure.

    Conclusions

    Patients undergoing surgery in prone position for a duration of 3 h under general anaesthesia including muscle relaxation and mechanical ventilation without positive end-expiratory pressure have stable haemodynamics and no significant changes in the alveolar dead space to tidal volume ratio. Oxygenation tended to improve.