This chapter outlines key developments in effect pedal history since the format’s inception in the 1960s. Centered around fuzz, overdrive, delay, and modulation effects, this chapter considers the technology’s role in how electric guitarists understand tone. Additionally, this chapter details the emergence of more recent playing styles explicitly centered around liberal effect pedal use, especially involving granular or micro loopers. By exploring these various technologies and performance techniques, this chapter suggests that guitar pedals produce not only musical sounds but also knowledge about musical sounds.

The study of addiction throws up a wide range of philosophical issues, connecting with some of the deepest and longest-running debates in ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of science, to name but a few subdisciplinary areas. By straddling such a wide range of fields of scientific enquiry, as this Handbook demonstrates, it also throws up numerous conceptual, explanatory, and methodological quandaries between disciplines, of the sort that philosophers have over the years developed many tools to deal with and reconcile. In this chapter, I first summarize some early philosophical treatments of addiction, as well as descriptions of addiction among the ancient philosophers themselves, before considering some of the major philosophical debates with which the study of addiction intersects, and the significance of those debates and intersections for the understanding of addiction in other disciplines.

This chapter reviews the basic control structures of the Python language. These are used to lay out the logic of a program so as to allow it to do an infinite amount of stuff with finite means. These structures include if, for, while, etc.

A brief account of early embryo formation is followed by an overview of the salient features of heart development. Following this there is a detailed treatment of the processes involved in the construction of the functioning embryonic heart, including a focus on the genes involved. Short sections are devoted to pericardium, coronary arteries and conduction system, the systemic veins and the systemic arteries. Finally, the fetal circulation and its adaptation to post-natal life are described.