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10 results

  • 5 - Protection of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked

  • Emily Crawford, University of Sydney, Alison Pert, University of Sydney
  • Book:
    International Humanitarian Law
    Published online:
    25 October 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024, pp 136-159

  • Summary

    Chapter 5 looks at the detailed rules regarding the protection of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of the armed forces, and those who care for them – medical and religious personnel. It also looks at the law regarding what is perhaps the most recognisable emblem in the world – the Red Cross – and its affiliated emblems, the Red Crescent and Red Crystal.

  • 11 - Animals as Means of Medical Transportation, Search and Rescue

  • from Part II - The Protection of Animals in International and Non-international Armed Conflicts
  • Edited by Anne Peters, Jérôme de Hemptinne, Robert Kolb, Université de Genève
  • Book:
    Animals in the International Law of Armed Conflict
    Published online:
    06 October 2022
    Print publication:
    06 October 2022, pp 184-199

  • Summary

    Some principles enshrined in particular in Geneva Conventions I and IV and in Additional Protocol I regarding the protection of medical transports, equipment and personnel could potentially provide minimum safeguards for animals when these are used as a means of medical transportation or in search and rescue operations. However, this regime is in many respects inappropriate for the protection of animals. It does not take into account the fact that animals are sentient beings experiencing emotion, pain and distress. Therefore, the application of sui generis principles, tailored to the specific needs of living creatures – such as the principles of animal dignity, no military involvement and return to homeland – should be conceived in light of recent legal trends on the welfare and rights of animals in peacetime.

  • 12 - Veterinary Personnel

  • from Part II - The Protection of Animals in International and Non-international Armed Conflicts
  • Edited by Anne Peters, Jérôme de Hemptinne, Robert Kolb, Université de Genève
  • Book:
    Animals in the International Law of Armed Conflict
    Published online:
    06 October 2022
    Print publication:
    06 October 2022, pp 200-214

  • Summary

    This chapter analyses the international humanitarian rules on veterinary personnel. It distinguishes between international armed conflicts and non-international armed conflicts and examines the legal consequences of violations. The chapter also reflects on the anthropocentric nature of international humanitarian law and discusses how this body of law might take better account of the interdependency of the fate of the human race with the fate of the other animal and plant species with which it shares the planet. It finally recommends lines of investigations on the legal protection of veterinary personnel.

  • 12 - Protection of Medical and Humanitarian Personnel

  • from Part II - Specific Protection of Certain High-Risk Groups
  • Stuart Casey-Maslen, University of Pretoria, Tobias Vestner
  • Book:
    International Law and Policy on the Protection of Civilians
    Published online:
    11 August 2022
    Print publication:
    25 August 2022, pp 145-150

  • Summary

    Medical personnel are granted special protection under international humanitarian law (IHL). Military medics in an international armed conflict are non-combatants, not civilians, while civilian medical personnel are protected first and foremost as civilians. There is also specific protection afforded to other humanitarian personnel engaged in impartial humanitarian action. Attacking medical personnel (or medical facilities) or attacking humanitarian personnel engaged in their duties during a situation of armed conflict is a war crime, as the chapter explains.

  • Dealing With Burn Patients in War Zones

  • Antonios Koutras, Athanasios Syllaios, Ioannis Tsilikis, Georgios Kalinterakis, Prokopis-Andreas Zotos, Ifigeneia Zouliati, Adamantios Michalinos, Ioannis Karavokyros, Dimitrios Schizas, Emmanouil Pikoulis
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / February 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 January 2020, pp. 15-19
  • Objective:

    Treating burn patients in the battlefield is one of the biggest challenges that military doctors and medical personnel can face. Wound patterns have been changed over time due to the introduction of new weapons, and many different aspects play a major role in the management of those burns nowadays. There is a potential gap in care of burn patients in war zones.

    Methods:

    A thorough literature search in PubMed, scientific journals, and Internet sites was conducted in regard to burn patients and trauma in war zones.

    Results:

    It is crucial for military surgeons to be able to stabilize burn patients during wartime conflicts, especially those patients who suffer from extreme burn injuries, as specialized treatment should be given. Medical personnel should be aware of all medication types used, the ways to minimize the risk of bacterial infection, and the ways to keep the injured safe.

    Conclusions:

    Injured civilians with burn trauma in the field of battle are deserving care, and special recognition should be given to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that strive to ease human suffering in war zones. Proper management of burn patients in war zones is crucial, and military medical staff and NGOs can play a key role in that purpose.

  • Pediatric Online Disaster Preparedness Training for Medical and Non-Medical Personnel: A Multi-Level Modeling Analysis

  • Phung K. Pham, Solomon M. Behar, Bridget M. Berg, Jeffrey S. Upperman, Alan L. Nager
  • Journal:
    Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 33 / Issue 4 / August 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 August 2018, pp. 349-354
    Print publication:
    August 2018
  • Introduction

    Terrorism and natural catastrophes have made disaster preparedness a critical issue. Despite the documented vulnerabilities of children during and following disasters, gaps remain in health care systems regarding pediatric disaster preparedness. This research study examined changes in knowledge acquisition of pediatric disaster preparedness among medical and non-medical personnel at a children’s hospital who completed an online training course of five modules: planning, triage, age-specific care, disaster management, and hospital emergency code response.

    Methods

    A multi-disciplinary team within the Pediatric Disaster Resource and Training Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California USA) developed an online training course. Available archival course data from July 2009 to August 2012 were analyzed through linear growth curve multi-level modeling, with module total score as the outcome (0 to 100 points), attempt as the Level 1 variable (any module could be repeated), role in the hospital (medical or non-medical) as the Level 2 variable, and attempt by role as the cross-level effect.

    Results

    A total of 44,115 module attempts by 5,773 course participants (3,686 medical personnel and 2,087 non-medical personnel) were analyzed. The average module total score upon first attempt across all participants ranged from 60.28 to 80.11 points, and participants significantly varied in how they initially scored. On average in the planning, triage, and age-specific care modules: total scores significantly increased per attempt across all participants (average rate of change ranged from 0.59 to 1.84 points) and medical personnel had higher total scores initially and through additional attempts (average difference ranged from 13.25 to 16.24 points). Cross-level effects were significant in the disaster management and hospital emergency code response modules: on average, total scores were initially lower among non-medical personnel compared to medical personnel, but non-medical personnel increased their total scores per attempt by 3.77 points in the disaster management module and 6.40 points in the hospital emergency code response module, while medical personnel did not improve their total scores through additional attempts.

    Conclusion:

    Medical and non-medical hospital personnel alike can acquire knowledge of pediatric disaster preparedness. Key content can be reinforced or improved through successive training in an online course.

    PhamPK, BeharSM, BergBM, UppermanJS, NagerAL. Pediatric Online Disaster Preparedness Training for Medical and Non-Medical Personnel: A Multi-Level Modeling AnalysisPrehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(4):349–354.

  • The Evaluation of Readiness of Medical Personnel to Act Under Conditions of Chemical Contamination

  • Łukasz Szarpak, Andrzej Kurowski
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 8 / Issue 4 / August 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 June 2014, pp. 297-300
  • Objective

    We evaluated the knowledge of physicians, nurses, and paramedics in Poland about the procedures in a chemical contamination.

    Methods

    An anonymous survey was mailed to 600 randomly selected physicians, nurses, and paramedics. The survey included questions concerning the process of decontamination, knowledge of toxidromes, and the use of selected antidotes.

    Results

    Completed surveys were received from 510 respondents (85%). A very low level of knowledge was observed regarding decontamination techniques (from 8.3% to 34.2%), use of antidotes (from 13.7% to 61%), and knowledge of toxidromes (from 10.2% to 22.7%).

    Conclusions

    Our findings showed that for all aspects of chemical rescue procedures queried, the knowledge of medical personnel was not satisfactory. Both practical and theoretical training of medical personnel is urgently needed for life-saving procedures during a chemical contamination. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014:0:1–4)

  • States' obligations to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts: complementarity of IHL and the right to health

  • Amrei Müller
  • Journal:
    International Review of the Red Cross / Volume 95 / Issue 889 / March 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 March 2014, pp. 129-165

  • Armed conflicts have numerous adverse health consequences for the affected populations, many of which occur in the long-term. This article analyses in detail how international humanitarian law (IHL) and the right to health complement each other in obliging states to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts. With its historical origin and purpose of protecting wounded and sick combatants of standing governmental armies, IHL focuses on the protection of the wounded and sick suffering from the direct health consequences of armed conflicts, such as injuries resulting from ongoing hostilities. The right to health is more expansive: it obliges states to prioritise the provision of primary health care through creating and maintaining an accessible basic health system. This focus enables it to highlight and address the indirect health consequences of armed conflicts, such as the spreading of epidemic and endemic diseases and rising child and maternal mortality and morbidity.

  • Secondary Contamination of Medical Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities Resulting From Hazardous Materials Events, 2003–2006

  • D. Kevin Horton, Maureen Orr, Theodora Tsongas, Richard Leiker, Vikas Kapil
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 2 / Issue 2 / June 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 April 2013, pp. 104-113

  • Background: When not managed properly, a hazardous material event can quickly extend beyond the boundaries of the initial release, creating the potential for secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities. Secondary contamination generally occurs when primary victims are not decontaminated or are inadequately decontaminated before receiving medical attention. This article examines the secondary contamination events reported to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and offers suggestions for preventing such events.

    Methods: Data from the ATSDR Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of hazardous material events occurring in 17 states during 2003 through 2006 involving secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities.

    Results: Fifteen (0.05%) Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance events were identified in which secondary contamination occurred. At least 17 medical personnel were injured as a result of secondary contamination while they were treating contaminated victims. Of the medical personnel injured, 12 were emergency medical technicians and 5 were hospital personnel. Respiratory irritation was the most common injury sustained.

    Conclusions: Adequate preplanning and drills, proper decontamination procedures, good field-to-hospital communication, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and effective training can help prevent injuries of medical personnel and contamination of transport vehicles and medical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:104–113)