Notwithstanding their specificities, different network infrastructures share a fundamental property: they are embedded in and part of general institutional settings. In this chapter, we focus on this institutional dimension. The main point we make is that institutions are composed of different layers. Identifying and characterizing these layers is both challenging and essential for better understanding the alignment (or misalignment) between institutions and technologies that conditions the performance of specific infrastructures. It is challenging because the usual representations of institutions tend to aggregate and mix or even revise many distinct components such as firms, parliaments, courts, etc. It is essential because it is through the different layers that rights are defined, allocated, implemented, and monitored, thus providing the scaffolding of network infrastructures. A central hypothesis underlying the analysis provided in this chapter is that these infrastructures are socio-technological systems; although subject to physical laws through their technological dimension, their development and usage are framed by human-made rules and rights.

In analyzing the existing and future transportation system in general, and the testing and deployment of automated and self-driving vehicles in particular, this chapter demonstrates that the application of our framework provides a good understanding of the interdependencies between the technological and institutional dimensions at stake. An analysis of both the vertical coordination between the layers along these two dimensions, respectively, and the horizontal alignment between them offers in-depth insights about the complexity of the transportation network and the conditions to be met if the expected services are to be delivered. The changes in the technological architecture, with the introduction of technological designs and operation of automated vehicles, and their interdependence with macro-institutional values, in particular safety but also security, privacy, and efficiency, offer a rich opportunity to analyze the structural complexities at stake. In this chapter, we focus on the layer of transactions: transactions between car manufacturers and their suppliers, between car manufacturers and the providers of the transportation services, and between these providers and their customers. The importance of the alignment between technical operations and micro-institutions is illustrated by the fatal accident involving an automated test car on March 19, 2018 in a street in Tempe, Arizona.