This chapter deals with the establishment histories of the JR, the AJB, the UGIF-Nord and the UGIF-Sud (the ‘Jewish Councils’ in Western Europe) in 1941. It shows that German officials improvised and copied blueprints from elsewhere, and that rivalry between the various German institutions involved in Jewish affairs affected the form and function of these organisations in Western Europe. It furthermore demonstrates that various German institutions interpreted the exact remit of each of the Jewish organisations differently. As a result, the Jewish organisations in Western Europe were all organised in different ways and all functioned differently, despite the strong German desire to unify anti-Jewish policies. The chapter furthermore examines the impact of the rivalry between the various German institutions on the Jewish organisations, arguing that the increasing influence of the SiPo-SD in the Netherlands, together with an overlap of functions, resulted in a rapid succession of anti-Jewish measures in this country. In Belgium and France, by contrast, institutional rivalry not only hampered the establishment of the AJB and the UGIF, but it also resulted in postponements and, from the German perspective, in a looser grip on the Jewish organisations.

Military administration is the norm international law applies to territories that are not under the sovereignty of a State. Nevertheless, military government, by its nature, denies the local population the democratic right to choose their own form of government, and it is, therefore, intrinsically a temporary situation. Some ninety per cent of the Arab population on the West Bank are now under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority but, nevertheless, the fact that there are still parts of the West Bank under Israeli military administration, some sixty years after the June 1967 War, is anomalous. It should be hoped that a solution will be found that allows the remaining ten percent of the local Arab population full democratic rights. Such a solution will need to be negotiated between Israel and the Palestinians.