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2 results

  • Lost cities in the Steppe: investigating an enigmatic site type in early modern Mongolia

  • Henny Piezonka, Jonathan Ethier, Birte Ahrens, Enkhtuul Chadraabal, Martin Oczipka, Christian Ressel, Chuluun Sampildondov
  • Journal:
    Antiquity / Volume 97 / Issue 392 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 February 2023, e12
    Print publication:
    April 2023
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • A Mongolian-German project is investigating abandoned early modern military and monastic sites in central Mongolia, including how the ruins of these urban nodes continue to shape cultural memory within nomadic society. Initial excavations have revealed a previously unknown site type, interpreted as garrisons from the period of Manchu rule (AD 1636–1911).

  • 30 - Literacy

  • from PART Vb - ART AND CULTURE
  • Edited by Alan K. Bowman, University of Oxford, Peter Garnsey, University of Cambridge, Dominic Rathbone, King's College London
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Ancient History
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    12 October 2000, pp 875-897

  • Summary

    Roman Britain illustrates the possible limits of literacy in the provinces. Most of the graffiti scratched on pottery derives either from military sites or from towns, just as most of the names written on tiles and bricks before they were fired are Roman names, most of them probably soldiers. Writing played a number of important roles in the life and working of the Roman army in Britain, yet it seems hardly to have penetrated the countryside, except in the form of milestones and at rural sanctuaries like Uley. Documentary evidence provides the surest guide to literacy levels in any society. A degree of uniformity in the way in which the Roman military used writing, whether on papyrus or wooden writing tablets, is perhaps the least surprising aspect of the unity. This chapter discusses the extent to which the empire itself was sustained by and generated texts. Non-military uses of writing are known primarily from Roman Egypt.