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2 results

  • 6 - Fault Identification from Seismology

  • from Part II - Methods and Techniques for Fault Identification and Dating
  • Edited by Holger Steffen, Odleiv Olesen, Raimo Sutinen
  • Book:
    Glacially-Triggered Faulting
    Published online:
    02 December 2021
    Print publication:
    16 December 2021, pp 100-117

  • Summary

    Regions affected by glacial isostatic adjustment experience stress changes. The stress will be released either by slow aseismic movements along faults or by sudden stress release in form of earthquakes. Location and source mechanism of those earthquakes can play a major role in understanding past and ongoing geodynamic processes in a glacial isostatic adjustment-affected region. On the one hand, alignments of earthquake hypocentres may act as an indicator for active faults that might not be known from geology before. On the other hand, calculation and interpretation of earthquake focal mechanisms, represent a key to stress and stress changes. We present an overview of seismological methods and tools to retrieve fault geometry and motion.

  • 2 - Stress, Strain, and Seismic Waves

  • Edward S. Krebes, University of Calgary
  • Book:
    Seismic Wave Theory
    Published online:
    15 March 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019, pp 51-111

  • Summary

    This chapter begins with coverage of the quantitative concepts used to describe the deformation of solids by seismic waves, namely the concepts of stress, strain, and dilatation. This is followed by the derivation of equations for describing seismic wave motion in the subsurface, namely, the equation of motion, conservation of energy, kinetic and strain-energy density, intensity or energy flux, the stress–strain relation, isotropy, hydrostatic stress, elastic constants (which are related to the nature of the medium in which waves travel), the wave equations, compressional and shear waves, plane harmonic waves, displacement potentials, Helmholtz equations, near-field and far-field waves, mean values, and the acoustic wave equation. The chapter ends with examples that discuss seismic waves produced by a buried explosive charge and by a directed point force, and discussions of the moment tensor and apparent velocities.