Mechanical ventilation is required frequently for patients with neurologic disorders for airway protection, pulmonary insufficiency, or management of intracranial pressure. Patients with neurologic disease are prone to hypoventilation, hypoxia, aspiration, atelectasis, and lung collapse. This chapter presents a case study of a 55-year-old female with sudden onset of severe headache and deterioration in her level of consciousness. Mechanical ventilation mode was switched to pressure control ventilation, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) incrementally increased to 15cm H2O with improvement in both oxygenation and ventilation. Upon postintubation, both her mental status and respiratory status gradually improved. The chapter discusses the modes and complications of mechanical ventilation in patients with neurologic disorders. Patients with neurologic illness often require intubation and mechanical ventilation secondary to decreased levels of consciousness, impaired airway protection, neuromuscular weakness, or pulmonary complications. Mechanical ventilation strategies require optimizing oxygenation and ventilation with respect to the particular neurologic disorder.

This chapter provides an introduction to approaches in sexuality counseling. It presents an overview of male and female physiology. The prostate gland is a partly muscular and partly glandular male sex gland whose major function is to secrete a slightly alkaline fluid forming part of the seminal fluid. Seminal vesicles, sac-like glands that lie behind the bladder, release fluid for transport of sperm. Spermatogenesis begins with a pulsatile hypothalamic release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) that induces the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Female sexual responses require transmission of somatic, afferent, parasympathetic, and sympathetic signals. The chapter describes the common neurologic disorders and their impact on sexuality and reviews treatment options for those disorder. Sexual activity for men with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS) is possible. The anticholinergic and sympatholytic effects of psychoactive drugs impair sexual function.

This chapter provides an overview of the differences between men and women in terms of brain development, normal cognitive (thinking) skills, and the cognitive difficulties that may result from epilepsy. This chapter emphasizes on the biology of sex differences in brain functioning, but there are many 'nonbiological' factors that also explain differences in behavior between men and women. There are several human disorders that act as 'experiments of nature because they provide information about the cognitive effect of early hormone exposure. Many studies have examined the differences between males and females in the nature and severity of cognitive deficits that develop after brain injury or neurologic disorders. These studies explore whether damage to a specific brain region causes different types of cognitive problems in men and women. Several studies have examined whether men and women differ in their cognitive abilities after epilepsy surgery in the anterior temporal lobe.

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) is useful for the evaluation of frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction in adults with acquired lesions. The primary measures of frontal lobe function within the CANTAB battery task are spatial working memory, a self-guided search task; the Tower of London, a test of planning and behavioral inhibition; and the intradimensional/extradimensional set-shifting task, which measures the ability to shift cognitive response sets both within and across categories. CANTAB measures temporal lobe recognition memory functions through delayed-match-to-sample (DMTS) recognition memory tasks. Three other CANTAB tasks such as motor screening task, spatial span task and pattern recognition are treated as controls for the frontal lobe-mediated behavioral functions that are of primary interest. This chapter talks about the clinical validation of CANTAB in children with neurologic disorders and strategies for validation of CANTAB in childhood assessment.