Overseas Pakistanis continue to grow in number, expanding the national community abroad. The three main challenges that exist for the Pakistani government in protecting its citizens abroad are interconnected and have to do with maintaining remittances, increasing educational opportunities, and potentially loosening visa restrictions that hamper the ability of Pakistanis to travel and interact with other countries economically. While the world has focused on security, mainly evaluating Pakistan from an Afghanistan-focused lens as US and NATO forces remained in the country till August 2021, Pakistanis have been busy seizing opportunities for themselves and their families, indicating a high level of agency. The Pakistani government is motivated by its diaspora’s agency and self-identity needs, and welcomes engagement. This movement has now resulted in remittances becoming Pakistan’s largest source of national foreign exchange. In order to maintain remittances, the Pakistani government’s activities are likely to intensify over time. As the Pakistani government engages with its citizens abroad, one of the most interesting revelations about this research is the lack of direct military involvement.

This chapter has reviewed the rights of shareholders to participate in corporate affairs and engage with companies in Hong Kong. With concentrated ownership, it is unlikely that shareholders can change or influence corporate decisions through voting or engagement. Retail and minority shareholders rarely vote in general meetings. The promulgation in March 2016 of the Principles of Responsible Ownership in Hong Kong raised awareness of shareholder participation amongst large institutional shareholders. Legal means of protecting minority shareholders can help institutional shareholders to leverage their weak voting position when demanding changes in controlled firms. However, resorting to legal means is not affordable to retail investors. Hence, facilitating the online voting of retail shareholders and encouraging participation by institutional shareholders might be the best directions for future shareholder engagement in Hong Kong.