This chapter describes the salient features that would enable the gynaecologist to aid and understand the pathologist in examination of specimens removed for diagnosis and definitive surgery for gynaecological cancers. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the term used to describe proliferative intraepithelial squamous lesions that display abnormal maturation and cytonuclear atypia. The diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia has been shown to be an area of gynaecological pathology with low diagnostic reproducibility. Mixed tumours of the uterus contain a mixture of glands and mesenchymal tissue: müllerian adenomyomas, including adenomyoma of endocervical type, typical adenomyomas of endometrioid type, atypical polypoid adenomyoma. There are three main groups of primary ovarian tumours: epithelial tumours that are derived from müllerian epithelium; sex-cord or stromal tumours, derived from the ovarian stroma, sex-cord derivatives or both; and germ cell tumours, which originate from the ovarian germ cells.