This chapter presents a revised, annotated translation of the Periplous (Circumnavigation) erroneously attributed to Skylax of Karyanda (Chapter 2 of this volume) but most likely written in 338–335 BC (conceivably by Dikaiarchos of Messana, Chapter 9), together with selected testimonia and fragments arranged as seven extracts. The translation reflects recent improvements to the Greek text. The chapter introduction characterizes the author’s conception of continental divisions and of the inhabited world as a sequence of ethnic regions. His focus on coastal topography, baldly enumerated, may reflect the aim of calculating the ‘length’ of each continent. This idiosyncratic work may have been intended for circulation only within Aristotle’s Peripatos (Lyceum); its impact seems to have been limited, other than perhaps upon Dikaiarchos and the late antique Euxine (Chapter 36). A new map summarizes the author’s clockwise ‘progress’ round the Mediterranean and Black Sea, while a second shows the key points in his portrayal of Greece and the Aegean.

This chapter presents new, annotated translations of various surviving works by Markianos of Herakleia, who is probably the man of that name who lectured at Constantinople just before and just after AD 400. The chapter introduction shows that it is to him that we owe one of the two collections of geographical works that survive from antiquity (perhaps built on foundations laid by Menippos); its sole surviving copy, though incomplete, includes several works translated in the present volume. The main work presented here is the partly extant abridgement of Markianos’ Circumnavigation of the Outer Ocean, dealing first (book 1) with the lands from eastern Africa to western China, and then (book 2) with the coasts of the northern Atlantic. To this are appended over 40 citations of Markianos by Stephanos of Byzantion and others, as well as the theoretical opening sections of Markianos’ epitome (précis) of Menippos (the whole epitome is in Chapter 21 of this volume). His perceptive preface to Ps.-Skylax is printed in Chapter 7. At many points, such as when discussing how to present distances that display systematic errors, he shows himself to be one of the most self-aware and methodologically astute of ancient writers, as well as exceptionally widely read. New maps explain his presentation of the Far East and northern Europe.

This chapter presents new, annotated translations relating to Menippos of Pergamon (active c.26/5 BC), comprising part of the surviving portion of the epitome (précis) made by Markianos (Chapter 34 of this volume) together with nine further testimonia and fragments. The chapter introduction reviews Menippos’ known Circumnavigation, which seems to have begun in the Black Sea and proceeded, untypically, anti-clockwise round the Mediterranean; his legacy in the work of Agathemeros (Chapter 29) and possibly Arrian (Chapter 27) and the Stadiasmos (Chapter 31); and our probable debt to him for first assembling the corpus of geographical texts which Markianos expanded.

This chapter presents a revised, annotated translation of Arrian’s published version of his report to the emperor Hadrian (written around AD 131–5, when his consulship was long past) about his tour of duty in the Black Sea, when he led a squadron of ships from Trapezous round the east end of the sea as far as Dioskourias-Sebastopolis. The text mentions several Roman military installations and outlines the geopolitical circumstances of particular districts, as well as listing many harbour and river mouths together with the distances between them. The southern shore of the sea is described in a ‘flashback’, while the north-western and western parts, which Arrian did not reach, are described on the basis of earlier reports. As the chapter introduction points out, the digression near the end of the work about the island of Leuke (mod. Zmiinyi), where Achilles lived after being spirited away from Troy, is thought to be a tacit tribute to Hadrian’s companion Antinoös, who had died in 130. A new map illustrates the stages of the narrative.

This chapter presents a new annotated translation (in loose English iambic pentameters) of the two surviving passages of a didactic poem by one Dionysios son of Kalliphon (early to mid-1st century BC), describing mainland Greece and the Aegean in coastal sequence. The chapter introduction evaluates the evidence for the poem’s date, the Stoic influences upon it, and its debts to Artemidoros and Apollodoros; and offers new prosopographical evidence suggesting that the poet was born into intellectual circles at Athens. The work–perhaps a private tribute to an Old Greece that was being overwhelmed by Roman power–left no discernible legacy and has excited surprisingly little scholarly interest. The translation replicates the acrostic that identifies the author’s name.

This chapter presents a new, annotated translation of the late 6th-century AD expansion and update of Arrian’s Euxine (Chapter 27 of this volume), probably by the same writer as the Hypotypōsis (Chapter 35). In the translation, the many passages deriving almost verbatim from Ps.-Skylax, the Nikomedean Periodos, Arrian, and Menippos are marked as such (following the practice of Diller). The introduction argues that the work merits closer attention than it has received, not least for what it tells us of population movements between the 2nd and 6th centuries. An appendix contains the late Anametresis of the Oikoumene or Perimetros of the Pontos. A new map, matching that for Arrian, includes place-names that had changed since Arrian’s time.

This chapter presents a new, annotated translation of the purported Circumnavigation by Hanno of Carthage, preserved in one of the two major manuscript collections of Greek geography. It narrates an expedition round the coast of north-western Africa, perhaps as far as Cameroon. Selected testimonia and fragments are arranged as nine extracts. The chapter introduction outlines the main controversies surrounding the text–whether it is a genuine 5th-century BC work; whether it was translated from the Punic; whether it records an actual voyage–while the notes assess details of the content, such as the apparent description of an encounter with gorillas. A new map illustrates the possible extent of the journey.