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3 results

  • 21 - AI, Ethics, and Law

  • from Part VI - Ethical Framework for AI
  • Edited by Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Cristina Poncibò, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Michel Cannarsa
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence
    Published online:
    28 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022, pp 304-320

  • Summary

    AI has profound ethical implications and poses grave threats to humanity, whereas a theoretical framework for determining what it can and cannot do or for what it should and should not do, has yet to be developed. That gap is understandable as applying ethics and law to AI is not easy and doing so raises deep philosophical problems. The result is a formidable strategic challenge. On one hand, we may make fundamental errors if we try to sidestep foundational issues to arrive at pragmatic solutions. On the other hand, we may get bogged down trying to solve those foundational issues. This chapter attempts to steer a middle course - addressing the deep problems while avoiding gratuitous philosophical commitments. In other words, the chapter attempts to confront philosophical issues to the extent - but only to the extent - necessary to chart a way forward. Human beings may have an ongoing role to play in supervising AI from ethical and legal perspectives, despite impressive technological advances. The chapter identifies key challenges for regulating AI and for AI as a legal regulator, sketching a general framework for understanding the relationship between AI, consciousness, ethics, and law.

  • 14 - Artificial life

  • Edited by Keith Frankish, The Open University, Milton Keynes, William M. Ramsey, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence
    Published online:
    05 July 2014
    Print publication:
    12 June 2014, pp 296-315

  • Summary

    Artificial life research is mainly a scientific activity, but it also raises and illuminates certain philosophical questions. This chapter explains what artificial life is and how it is connected with artificial intelligence (AI). It briefly describes some of its representative scientific achievements. Some soft artificial life models focus on self-organization and study how structure can emerge from unstructured ensembles of initial conditions. The chapter discusses some associated philosophical issues involving emergence, creative evolution, the nature of life, the connection between life and mind, and the social and ethical implications of creating life from scratch. The science and engineering of artificial life impinges on a number of broad philosophical issues, including how life emerges from non-life, whether the evolution of life has a directional arrow, what life is, whether software systems could ever be literally alive, and what the social and ethical implications of creating artificial life are.

  • Chapter 13 - Language and consciousness

  • from Part I - The cognitive science of consciousness
  • Edited by Philip David Zelazo, University of Toronto, Morris Moscovitch, University of Toronto, Evan Thompson, University of York
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    14 May 2007, pp -

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an introduction to the philosophical tradition of phenomenology and its way of approaching issues about consciousness. Phenomenology grows out of the recognition that we can adopt, in our own first person case, different mental attitudes or stances toward the world, life, and experience. One can discern certain ambivalence in the phenomenological tradition regarding the theoretical and practical or existential dimensions of the epoche. According to Husserlian phenomenology, consciousness is intentional, in the sense that it aims toward or intends something beyond itself. Phenomenologists distinguish different types of intentionality. Another important part of the phenomenological account of intentionality is the distinction among signitive, pictorial, and perceptual intentionalities. In contemporary philosophy of mind the term 'phenomenal consciousness' refers to mental states that have a subjective and experiential character. The phenomenological analyses of embodiment and perception are relevant to current trends in cognitive science.